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| complex of rents, renders, dues, fines, and fields |
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| played dominant role in forcing manorial system creation and took the greatest benefits |
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| previously free peasants; worked for manorial lords without pay |
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| three field crop rotation system |
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| one third of the land would lie fallow; one third would be planted with winter wheat or rye; one third would be planted with another crop sown during spring; rotated over three-year cycle |
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| professional associations who regulated work of artisans |
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| Saints Cyril and Methodius |
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| Byzantine missionaries converted the Balkan Slavs to Orthodox Christianity |
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| Old Church Slavonic; Cyrillic Alphabet |
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| written language devised by Saints Cyril and Methodius to help convert Slavs |
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| "the Bulgar-slayer"; made alliance with the Rus king Vladimir to attack Muslim Crete; also defeated rival Bardas Phokas with help of Vladimir |
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| leader of the Rus; ally of Byzantine emporer Basil II |
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| Basil II sister; given to Vladimir in marriage as gift for alliance |
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| a new Sunni Muslim power emerged in central Asia rivaling with Byzantium |
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| Seljuk Turks captured Armenia; emporer tried to expel them during this final battle |
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| rebuilt the treasury and restored Byzantine control over the Balkans and began a campaign against the Turks; requested help from Pope Urban II |
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| set in motion a vast crusading army of 100,000 Westerners to retake the Holy City of Jerusalem for Christendom |
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| ecclesiatical council at Clermont |
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| announced the First Crusade and Urban promulgated the first full papal approval of peace movement |
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| crusaders would be entirely freed from otherworldly punishments in purgatory |
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| crusaders captured Antioch and most of Syria; led by Alexius Comnenus through Constantinople and into Asia Minor; succeeded in capturing Jerusalem |
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| united Syria and Egypt; great Muslim leader; recaptured Jerusalem |
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| led by German emperor Fredrick Barbarossa, French king Philip Augustus, and English king Richard the Lionheart; looked to retake Jerusalem from Saladin but failed after Barbarossa drowned and Philip went home |
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| dreamed to win back Jerusalem; summoned the Fourth Crusade |
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| with help of Genoese recovered the Byzantine throne and control over Constantinople; later conquered by Ottoman Turks |
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| Roman emporer who negotiated a treaty with Egyptian sultan that returned Jerusalem to Christian control for ten years |
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| last of the Western Roman emporers; led a successful but short-lived crusade |
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| knightly code of values which stressed bravery, loyalty, generosity, skill with weapons, proper manners |
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| made noble women into objects of veneration for their knightly admirers |
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| ruled combined kingdom of Leon-Castile |
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| ruled france extremely well twice; once during the minority of her son Louis IX and once when he was crusading |
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| controlled governments entrusted by many north Italian cities |
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| informal association of citizens undertook a wide variety of governmental funcitions side by side with counsels |
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| self contained territories within which counts and knights exercised not only the property of rights of landlords over peasants but also the public rights to mint money,judge legal cases and raise troops |
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| highly decentralized political system in which "public" pwers of minting, justice, taxation, and defense were vested in the hands of private lords |
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| term for "fee"; kind of contract in which someone granted something of value (land) to someone else in return for service |
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| laid claim to the English crown and crossed the Channel to conquer what he claimed |
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| English King Harold and his troops fought and lost to the Normans; Normans ruled England |
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| King William the Conqueror |
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| formerly Duke William of Normandy; claimed that all the land of England belonged to him and therefore all the land in England must be held from him in return for feudal service of some sort |
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| William the Conqueror's son; took steps in creating a strong national monarchy; created Exchequer; appointed sheriffs |
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| specialized administrative office; used an abacuslike checkered cloth to calculate receipts and expenditures |
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| grandson of Henry I; restored his grandfather's administrative system; expanded the use of juries to determine facts in civil cases; developed the system of writs |
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| regularized, inexpensive way for common people to seek justice |
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| Constitutions of Clarendon |
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| Henry II tried to force the bishops of England to accept his claim that by ancient customs, clerics convicted in church courts of serious crimes should first lose their clerical status and then handed over to the royal court |
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| Archbishop Thomas Beckett |
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| objected to Council of Clarendon declarin it a double jeopardy; killed by Henry II knights; martyr and saint |
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| brother of Richard the Lionheart; lost all of the Angevin lands in France; forced massive fines from his nobility and imposed heavy taxes on the country to recover his lost French territories |
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| great charter of liberties; taxation could not be raised by the crown without consent given by the nobility in a common council; no free man could be punished by the crown; expressed the principle that the king is bound by the law |
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| emerged as a separate branch of government; very much a royal institution, summoned because kings found it useful to consult with their nobles, knights and townsmen in a single assembly |
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| consolidated royal control and subdued the turbulent "robber barons";began growth of royal power in France |
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| increase the resources and the prestige of the French monarchy; kept Angevin empire in a constant state of discord by inciting rebellions against English King Henry II |
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| was payed homage by English King John for all the lands in France; declared all John's lands in France to be forfeit to the French crown |
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| canonized by the church as St. Louis; known as "good King Louis" |
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| waged aggressive wars against Flanders and England; voracious money-raising machine |
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| French representative assembly; never played a role in French government comparable to Parliament in England |
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| became convinced that to reform the spiritual life of the church it was necessary first to free the church from teh control of laymen, including the emporer |
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| plotted to remove Gregory from the papacy |
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| reasserted teh independent dignity of the empire by calling his realm the "Holy Roman Empire"; |
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| resisted Fredericks's claim to rule in Italy |
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| threw all energy into an attempt to break the links between Germany, northern Italy and the kingdom of Sicily |
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| Otto's forces were routed by King Philip Augustus of France |
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| undisputed king of Germany; forced imperial rights in Italy; overreached himself by asserting his rights s emperor to rule the north Italian cities |
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| a Benedictine house with two important constitutional innovations: one was that in order to keep it free from domination by local noble families or the local bishop Cluny was placed directly under the control of the papacy..second it undertook the reform or foundation of a large number of "daughter" monasteries |
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| buying or selling of an office |
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| German emperor came to Rome deposed all three of the local Roman nobles who claimed to be pope and appointed Pope Leo IX |
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| issued a new decree on papal elections vesting the right to elect a pope solely with the College of Cardinals |
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| ended the Investiture Conflict |
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| massive compilation and codification of the decrees of previous popes and church councils quickly became the standard collection of church law or "canon" law |
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| consolidated papal states |
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| argued with King Henry IV over the Concordat of Worms |
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| had the first crusade called against him for political reasons |
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| deliberately challenged Pope Boniface by preparing to try a French bishop for treason in violation of canon law protections for clergy |
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| took over after Boniface; forced by Philip IV to justify the kings attack on Boniface |
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| founded by St. Bernard; contemplation/quiet prayer/ self exemination/ patron saint was the Virgin Mary |
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| monks required to live in seperate cells, abstain from meat, fast three days each week on bread, water, and salt |
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| Saint Bernard of Clairvaux |
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| a spellbinding preacher, brilliant writer and most influential European religious personality of his age; founder of Cistercian order |
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| priest during mass cooperates with God in the performance of a miracle whereby the bread and wine on the alter are changed into the body and blood of Christ |
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| described her religous visions, dictated in freshly original Latin prose, were so compelling that contemporaries had no difficulty in believing she was directly inspired by God |
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| all matter was created by an evil principle and that holiness required extreme ascetic practices |
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| heretical movement called for lay to imitate th life of Christ and the apostles |
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| founded by St. Dominic; dedicated to the fight against heresy and also to the conversion of Jews and Muslims; fought heresy through legal argument |
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| Dominican who addressed one of his major theological works to converting the gentiles; wrote SUMMA THEOLOGICA |
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| founded by Francis of Assisi; preached the word of God |
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| ordered that primary schools be established in every bishopric and monastery in his realm |
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| Renaissance of the Twelfth Century |
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| called this because of new interest in classical literary and philosophical texts |
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| earliest Italian university; Europes leading center for the study of law |
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| started out as a cathedral school but began to become a recognized center of northern intellectual life |
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| famous teacher at University of Paris; |
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| most advanced scientist who made very significant theoretical advances in mathematics, astronomy, and optics; formulated explanation of rainbow |
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| famous for predicting automobiles and flyin machines; follower of Grosseteste; properties of lenses; rapid speed of light |
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| a highly systematic method of learning and teaching that was highly respectful of authority |
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| written by Peter Abelard; prepared the way for the scholastic method by gathering a collection of statements from church fathers that spoke for both sides of one hundred fifty theological questions |
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| student of Peter Abelard; wrote Book of Sentences |
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| group of poets; lyrics celebrated the beauties of the change of season, carefree life of the open road, the pleasure of drinking and sport, and the joys of love |
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| longer narrative poems written in the vernacular Romance languages |
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| first great writer of Arthurian romances |
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| qualities of vast scope. balance of intricate detail with careful symmetry, soaring height, and affirmative religious grandeur |
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| aimed to manifest the majesty of god in stone by rigorously subordinating all architectural detail to a uniform system; rounded arch, massive stone walls, enormous piers, small windows, |
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| deadly famine made worse by epedemic diseases that swept through sheep flocks and cattle herds |
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| combined onslaught of bubonic and pneumonic plague that swept through Europe; originated in Gobi Desert of Mongolia |
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| allowed for quick discovery of computational errors and esy overview of profits and losses, credits and debits |
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| French uprising led by Jacques Bonhomme who suffered more than he could endure from plague and war; rose up burning castles, murdering lords, and raping lords wives |
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| English Peasants Revolution |
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| most serious lower-class revolution in England; revolt from combination of rising economic expectations combined with political grievances associated with English defeats in the war with France |
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| leader of the English Peasants Revolution; killed by King Richard II escort |
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| wool combers; revolted in Florence; pushed through radical reform program |
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| small papal territory on the southwestern border of France; fell under the close supervision of the French monarchy |
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| confusion producing three different popes claiming to be the legitimately elected pope |
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| restored order after teh Great Schism |
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| a german Dominican who taught that there was a power deep within every human soul that was really the dwelling place of God; emphasized mystacism |
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| wrote the Imitation of Christ |
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| Oxford theologian; believed that a certain number of humans are predestined to be saved while the rest were damned |
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| eloquent Bohemian preacher; emphasized the centrality of the Eucharist ot Christian piety by demanding that the laity should receive the consecrated bread but also the consecrated wine |
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| receiving the blood of Christ at Mass |
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| blind general who lead Taberites against crusading knights sent by the papacy |
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| struggle between England and France over French lands |
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| Female drove English out of France before being burned at the stake for witchcraft |
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| aristocratic rebellion between King Henry of Lancaster and his rival Duke of York; red rose stood for Henry; white rose stood for Duke of York; 6 years |
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| grandson of Gehghis Khan and commander of Mongols; conquered most of the eastern Slavic States |
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| khanate of the Golden Horde |
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| Mongol state on the lower Volga river |
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| expanded Duke of Muschavy over Rus |
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| English Franciscan; developed nomenalism |
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| only individual things, not collectivities, are real and that one thing therefore cannot be understood by means of another |
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| wrote the Canterbury Tales |
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| painter of the later Middle Ages; brought deep humanity to the religious images he painted on both walls and movable panels |
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