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| the branch of psychology that studies how people change over the lifespan |
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| the single cell formed at conception from the union of the egg cell and sperm cell |
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| a long, threadlike structure composed of twisted parallel strands of DNA; found in the nucleus |
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| the double-stranded molecule that encodes genetic instructions; the chemical basis of heredity |
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| a unit of DNA on a chromosome that ecodes instructions for making a particular protein molecule; the basic unit of heredity |
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| the genetic makeup of an individual organism |
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| the scientific description of the complete set of DNA in the human organism, including gene locations |
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| one of the different forms of a particular gene |
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| the observable traits of characteristics of an organism as determined by the interaction of genetics and environmental factors |
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| chromosomes, designated as X or Y that determine biological sex; the 23rd pair of chromosomes is humans |
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| the stage of development before birth; divided into germinal, embryonic and fetal periods |
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| the first two weeks of prenatal development |
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| the second period of prenatal development, extending from the third week through the eighth week |
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| harmful agents or substances that can cause malformations of defects of in an embryo or fetus |
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| the third and longest period o prenatal development, extending from the ninth week until birth |
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| inborn disposition to consistently behave and react in a certain way |
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| the emotional bond that forms between an infant and caregivers, especially his or her parents |
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| the words that are understood by an infant or child |
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| the words that an infant or child understands and can speak |
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| Piaget's theory, the first stage of cognitive development, from birth to about age 2; the period during which the infant explores the enviornment and acquires knowledge through sensing and manipulating objects |
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| the understanding that an object continues to exist even when it can no long be seen |
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| Piaget's theory, the second stage of cognitive development (age 2-7); characterized by increasing use of symbols and pre logical thought process |
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| the ability to use words, images, and symbols to represent the world |
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| Piaget's theory, the inability to take another person's perspective or point of view |
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| Piaget's theory, the inability to mentally reverse a sequence of events or logical operations |
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| Piaget's theory, the tendency to focus or center on only one aspect of a situation and ignore other important aspects of the situation |
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| Piaget's theory, the understanding that two equal quantities remain equal even though the form or appearance is rearranged, as long as nothing is added or subtracted |
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| concrete operational stage |
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| Piaget's theory, the third stage of cognitive development, (7-adolescence); characterized by the ability to think logically about concrete objects and situations |
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| Piaget's theory, the fourth stage of cognitive development (adolescence to adulthood);characterized by the ability to think logically about abstract principles and hypothetical situations |
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| zone of proximal development |
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| Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development, the difference between what children can accomplish on their own and what they can accomplish with the help of others who are more competent |
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| information-processing model of cognitive development |
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| the model that views cognitive development as a process that is continuous over the lifespan and that studies the development of basic mental processes such as attention, memory, and problem solving |
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| the transitional stage between late childhood and the beginning of adulthood, during which sexual maturity is reached |
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| the stage of adolescence in which an individual reached sexual maturity and becomes physiologically capable of sexual reproduction |
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| primary sex characteristics |
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| sexual organs that are directly involved in reproduction, such as the uterus, ovaries, penis and testicles |
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| secondary sex characteristics |
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| sexual characteristics that develop during puberty and are not directly involved in reproduction but differentiate between the sexes, such as male facial hair and female breast development |
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| the period of accelerated growth during puberty, involving rapid increase in height and weight |
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| a female's first menstrual period, which occurs during puberty |
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| a person's definition of description of him or her self, including the values, beliefs and ideals that guide the individual's behavior |
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| the natural cessation of menstruation and the end of reproductive capacity in women |
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| the psychosocial theory that the life satisfaction in late adulthood is highest when people maintain the level f activity they displayed earlier in life |
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| authoritarian parenting style style |
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| parenting style in which parents are demanding and unresponsive toward their children's needs or wishes |
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| permissive parenting style |
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| parenting style in which parents are extremely tolerant and not demanding; permissive-indulgent parents are more responsive to their children, whereas permissive-indifferent parents are not |
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| authoritative parenting style |
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| parenting style in which parents set clear standards for their children's behavior but are also responsive to their children's needs and wishes |
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| a discipline technique that combines parental control with explaining why a behavior is prohibited |
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