Term
| Name of movement disorder that result from damage to the basal ganglia and an increased level of dopamine. It presents with increased muscle tone in all extremities and wide-based ataxic gait. This is a genetic disease. |
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Definition
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Term
| this is the name of a movement disorder that results from degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. The symptoms of this condition worsen over time and often appear later in life. This disorder presents itself with slow movement and tremors |
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Definition
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Term
| this is the name of a movement disorder that results in damage to the upper and lower motor neurons due to high levels of glutamate. This disorder presents with loss of coordination, muscle weakness and uncontrolled twitching |
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Definition
| Amyotropic lateral sclerosis |
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Term
| This is the name for the tract of neurons that are called the upper motor neurons that orginate in the primary motor cortex and cross over to the other side of the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| these neurons cross over to the other side of the body in the brain region |
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Definition
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Term
| name one specific endocrine function of the hypothalamus |
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Definition
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Term
| name a specific function of the hypothalamus that is not related to the endocrine system |
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Definition
| Body temperature regualation and vasopression |
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Term
| what are two names for gray matter in the brain |
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Definition
| basal nuclei and cerebral cortex |
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Term
| A person has suffered from a stroke damaged Broca's area, would present with what types of symptoms? |
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Definition
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Term
| A person that has suffered a stroke that damaged the left occipital lobe would present with what symptom? |
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Definition
| Visisual issues. partial or complete blindness |
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Term
| What types of neurons make up a monosynaptic reflex? |
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Definition
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Term
| Assuming that the person does end up getting bitten by their cat, their reflex response was not fast enough, how many neves does it take to get that information from the place on the skin where they were bitten to the cerebrum? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name one brain region that this ascending sensory information passes through on the way to the cerebrum? |
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Definition
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Term
| Indicate the final destination for this ascending sensory information that results in their awareness (perception) of being bitten, assume they were bitten on the right hand. Be specific as possible |
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Definition
| left primary, somatic sensory cortex |
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Term
| If someone put Neosporin on the bite to prevent infection, what brain region is used to make this decision |
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Definition
| prefrontal cortex, parietal lobe of |
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Term
| Name 2 functions attributed to the noradrenergic (norepinephrine) diffuse modulatory system system |
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Definition
| attention, sleep awaking cycle, learning, memory, anxiety pain and mood |
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Term
| name 2 functions attributed to the serotonergic (serotonon) diffuse modulatory system |
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Definition
| pain, sleep awaking cycle,mood, emotional behavior problems |
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Term
| how many efferent neurons are in an autonmic reflex |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the relationship between the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus |
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Definition
| it controls hormone secretion by the AP |
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Term
| what is meant by the term permissiveness in regards to hormone action? |
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Definition
| one it cannot fully even its effect unless another hormone is present. |
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Term
| provide one specific example of synergism in regrds to the action of hormones. |
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Definition
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Term
| The autonomic nervous system contains two divisions. |
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Definition
| Sympathetic and Parasympathic |
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Term
| in the autonomic nervous system which division causes the heart rate to increase. |
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Definition
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Term
| This is th name of the receptor that is found on skeletal muscles and binds to acetylcholine |
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Definition
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Term
| epinepherine and norepinephrine bind of these two types of receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| this is the name for the little brain in the digestive system that controls the secretion and motility of the gut? |
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Definition
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Term
| this is the name of the innermost membrane around the brain ans spinal cord that provides protection |
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Definition
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Term
| someone tells you you are getting on their nerves, which gets you thinking about what nerves really are. What are nerves? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many pairs of peripheral nerves (cranial + spinal) are in the body |
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Definition
| 12 crainal + 31 spinal = 43 pair |
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Term
| what is the gray matter in the nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| acetycholineterase is responsible for terminating the action of acetycholine in the synapse. This is an example of what method of inactivating signaling at a synapse. |
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Definition
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Term
| explain how a drug that is a serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitor will impact the ability of serotonin to act in the synapse |
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Definition
| Increase serotonin levels in the synapse so increase action of serotonin or the post-synaptic neurons |
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Term
| what is the function of the diencephalon in the brain? |
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Definition
•Motor Function Control
•Homeostasis
•Hearing, Vision, Smell, and Taste
•Touch Perception |
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Term
| what is one function of the cerebellum in the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| molecule that combine with a receptor and mimic the reponse |
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Term
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Definition
| one substance opposes the action of another |
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Term
| what hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland |
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Definition
| oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH) |
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Term
| What hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland |
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Definition
| prolactin, somatotropin, corticotropin, thyrotropin, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinzing hormone |
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Term
| in general how do hormones exert their action on target cells? |
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Definition
| must be transported by the blood to distant target cell, they bind to target cells receptors and initiate biochemical responses |
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Term
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Definition
| two or more hormones interact at their targets so that the combination yields a result that is greater than additive |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of one substance tooppose the action of another |
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Term
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Definition
| one hormone cannot fully exert its effects unless a second hormone is present |
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Term
| compare and contrast the role of the hypothalamus in regards to the action of the anterior pituitary versus the posterior pituitary |
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Definition
| the hypothalamus makes neurohormones which are then secreted by the posterior pituitary which helps maintain homeostasis in the body. the anterior pituitary is a true endocrine gland and secretes adenohypophseal hormones, but the hypothalamic neurohormones secreted by the posterior pituitary controls the anterior pituitary hormone production. In other words, the bypothalamic neurohormones is a tropic hormone to the adenohypopsheal hormones, because one controls the other secretions. |
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Term
| what is the difference between a primary and secredary enocrine pathology |
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Definition
| If a deficiency or excess arrise in the last enodocrine gland in a reflex, it is a primary pathology, while if the pathology is orginated in oneof the tissues producing trophic hormones, it is a secondary endocrine pathology |
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Term
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Definition
impaired body movement; usually one sided weakness, aphasia (expressive)
effects : broca area (L Cerebral hemishphere) and motor cortex |
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Term
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Definition
facial movement; fixation on spinning objects
effects: basal ganglia; dopamine; serotonin=old |
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Term
| ALS (Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis) |
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Definition
clumsy; muscle spasticity; tongue movement, difficulty swallowing, gag reflex
problem with UMN and LMN
High glutamate levels'basal ganglia |
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Term
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Definition
Speech difficulty; eye movements; limb control; dizziness; toluene exposure b/c of huffing
chemorecptors in the nose to the temporal lobe |
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Term
| other than the type of initiating stimulus, what is the one difference between the stretch reflex and the golgi-tendon reflex |
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Definition
S=monosynaptic
GT=polysynaptic |
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Term
| name two specific tissues that have excitatory muscarinic receptors. one subtype of cholingeric recptors |
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Definition
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Term
| this is most common adrenergic receptor. This is a receptor that binds to norepinephrine or epinephrine |
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Definition
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Term
| the autonomic nervous system includes this many (a number) efferent neurons to each target tisseus |
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Definition
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Term
| the somatic nervous system includes this number of efferent neurons to each target tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| atrophine, a muscarinic antagonist, would do what to the activity of the heart? your answer would be to increase, decrease or no change |
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Definition
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Term
adipose tissue has this specific adrenergic receptor
? |
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Definition
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Term
| THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT HAS THIS SPECIFIC ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR |
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Definition
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Term
| these two hormones are released by the postierior pituitary |
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Definition
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Term
| what specific tissue makes and release epinephrine |
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Definition
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Term
| In the autonomic nervous sytem, the neurons that have their cell bodies in the thoracic or lumbar region of the spinal cord are called? |
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Definition
| sympathic post ganglonic neurons |
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Term
| what neurotransmitters is released by the by the sympathetic post ganglonic neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the principle nerve of the parasymphathetic nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| what neurotransmitter does the nerve that you named above question release onto target organs |
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Definition
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Term
| name 2 tissues that are only regulated by one division of the autonomic nervous system |
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Definition
| adipose tissue and anterior veins |
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Term
| Name 2 brain regions that are involved in the control of autonomic functions |
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Definition
| hypothalamus and medulla oblongata |
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Term
| jamie is the glucorticoid (prenisolne) to treat an inflammatory condition. What benefits would be derived from taking this drug |
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Definition
| decreased immune response |
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Term
| what effect would these pills have on Jamie's secretion of ACTH (A) and secretion of cortisol (B) |
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Definition
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Term
| sympotoms of hypothyroidism |
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Definition
| cold intolerant, bradycardia and slow speech |
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Term
| If samantha is taking the medication synthroid (T4) and the dose is too high, what would happen to the blood levels of T4 and TSH |
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Definition
T4 -would increase
TSH- decrease because of negative feedback |
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Term
| what is the cause of graves disease? |
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Definition
| Antibodies act like TSH so T3 /T4 levels are high |
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Term
| If phenylepherine , an alpha agonist, was applied to blood vessels what would happen to the blood vessels as a result |
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Definition
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Term
| what are two specific actions of growth hormone |
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Definition
| increase plasma glucose and increase in cartilage growth |
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Term
| cushing syndrome may be caused by a tumor of the anterior pituitary or by a tumor of the adrenal cortex. explain how these 2 possibilities can distinguished from one another by measuring blood levels of ACTH and of cortisol |
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Definition
| if anterior pituitary problem (2nd) then ACTH will be increased because that is what is causing increase cortisol. If the problem with adrenal cortex then ACTH will be low more to negative feedback. |
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Term
| what are two symptoms that you might observe in a person with cushings syndrome |
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Definition
Moon face; buffalo hump
; abdominal fat with striations |
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