Term
| 4 tissue layers of the GI tract |
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Definition
| inner most- mucosa; submucosa; muscularis externa; serosa |
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Term
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Definition
| mucus, endocrine, epithelial, exocrine, stem cells, tight junctions, exocrine glands, lamina propria layer (arterioles, venules, capillaries, lymphatic vessels- lacteals), muscular mucosa, villi, microvilli |
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Term
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Definition
| blood and lymph vessels, submucosa nerve plexus |
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Term
| muscularis externa components |
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Definition
| inner circular sm musc; outer longitudinal sm musc; myenteric nerve plexus (primarily responsible for reg of motility) |
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Term
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Definition
| digestion, motility, secretion, absorption, excretion |
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Term
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Definition
| all in the ENS; mechano/chemosensors send info to ENS neuron which affects the sec cell, sm musc, endocrine cells, and other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
PS and SNS innervation of the short loop; sensory neurons send info to CNS
CNS to PSNS or SNS affect the sec cells, ENS neurons, endocrine cells, sm musc |
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Term
| where is meal in the cephalic, gastric and intestinal phase? |
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Definition
| mouth, stomach, and smint respectively |
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Term
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Definition
| mix food with saliva and lubricates food to be able to swallow; break up food into smaller pieces, mix starches with amylase |
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Term
| what happens in the oropharyngeal phase? |
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Definition
| tongue move bolus to oropharynx--> stim pressure R-->initiate swallowing reflex- inhib of respiration, close air passageways, contraction of pharyngeal musc to move bolus to esophagus, relax of UES (to open) into esophagus |
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Term
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Definition
primary peristalsis initiated by swallowing; ring of sm musc constricts above bolus propogates distally to move bolus to stomach- LES at end closed at rest relaxes to open allow bolus to stomach
secondary peristalsis- intiatied by distension- proceeds like primary; moves mat left behind to stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| food in stomach--> stretch R in lining--> signal to CNS --> signal to PSNS via the vago-vagal reflex --> fundus relax and expands to receive meal (NT is NO) |
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Term
| how does food move through the stomach once it enters the stomach |
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Definition
| at rest- slow wave depol 3 times/min; when have vago-vagal reflex cause spike potentials which cause AP in sm musc so now contracts 3 times/min moving food from top to bottom (peristalsis) |
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Term
| peristalsis in the stomach is due to what solute conductance increasing? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does food get out of the stomach to the smint? |
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Definition
| the peristalsis from the stomach moves small mat out through the pyloric sphincter; lg part cant get through |
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Term
| how does large particles leave the stomach to the smint? |
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Definition
| peristalsis moves lg part to bottom of stomach cant get through the pyloric sphincter; contractions will smash the antrum into the food into the closed pyloric breaking into smaller pieces and then shooting through backwards to be even smaller; when small enough move through sphincter |
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Term
| how is the contraction of the stomach regulated? |
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Definition
| distension of the distal stomach (due to vago-vagal reflex); spikes due to PSNS activity; short cholinergic reflexes in ENS; gastrin |
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Term
| how is the gastric emptying regulated? |
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Definition
| size of material; liquid quick elim from stomach; make up of the material- carbs fast, protein middle, fats slow; high osmolarity and low pH slow the emptying |
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Term
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Definition
| reverse peristalsis in smint moves int content to stomach, pyloric sphincter and antrum contract prevent movement back to int; retching- inspire against closed glottis, LES relaxes, constriction of ab musc, contents into esophagus (secondary peristalsis to move back to stomach); vomiting- all plus forceful ab contraction, stretch neck, elevate hyoid bone, relax UES, evac gastric contents |
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Term
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Definition
| GI tract irritation, noxious substances, toxins, pain, dizziness, motion sickness, chem stim of R in chemoR tigger zone in brain, distressing emotional visual and olfactory stim, reflex controlled by vomiting center in medulla |
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Term
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Definition
| peristalsis- infrequent, short distance, dies out; major- segmentation- circ sm musc contracts alternate contractions to move material back and forth; higher freq at proximal end than distal so slow moves down the smint |
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Term
| what are the functions of smint motility |
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Definition
| mix chyme with exocrine sec to dig, reduce part sz further, circulate chyme along int wall for absorption, propel through int |
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Term
| regulation of contractions in smint |
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Definition
| distension of intestine (myogenic reflex) if stretch wants to contract; intestine-intestinal reflex- doesnt move food, if over distend GI tract will shut down motility |
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Term
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Definition
| eat meal mat into stom need to have room for mat into smint, gastrin rel from stomach through G cells will stim movement down the ileum to move mat into the colon |
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Term
| what hormone stimulates movement of mat through the smint to the colon |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| segmentation contraction, distension is major stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| propulsive ring of contraction elongates distally move contents toward rectum (toothpaste squeezing); 3-4 times a day |
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Term
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Definition
| ingestion of meal and distension of stom stim colonic mass movement through neural reflexes or hormonal mech |
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Term
| migrating motility complex |
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Definition
| occurs during fasting, house cleaning, all sphincters open, contraction in stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum; happens every 90 minutes; motilin stimulates |
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Term
| what hormone stimulates MMC? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| triggered by distension of rectum- intial relaxation of internal anal sphincter and transient contraction of external; awareness of need; voluntary contraction of ab muscles (valsalva maneuver) and relax of external anal sphincter; involuntary contraction of distal colong and relaxation of internal anal sphincter |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what increases the tone of the LES |
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Definition
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Term
what decreases the tone of the LES
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Definition
| ethanol, chocolate, peppermint, progesterone |
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Term
| LES tone decreasing can cause what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| store ingested material, convert ingested material into chyme, control the rel of chyme into the smint |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| thin layers of sm musc are found where in the stomach |
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Definition
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Term
| thick layers of sm musc are found where in the stomach |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the distal stomach |
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Definition
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Term
| food into stomach stimulates what? |
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Definition
| stretch R in the lining of the stomach |
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Term
| what does the vago-vagal reflex cause? |
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Definition
| causes receptive relaxation to expand the fundus for receiving a meal |
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Term
| what ANS branch causes receptive relaxation? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the NT for receptive relaxatioN? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the vago-vagal reflex doe to the slow wave potentials? |
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Definition
| puts spikes on them causing AP and therefore contraction |
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Term
| contraction in the stomach is due to what? |
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Definition
| distension stimulating the stretch R which tell CNS via vago-vagal reflex (sends PSNS activity down) PSNS puts spikes on the slow wave potentials causing AP and contraction |
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Term
| what are some things that slow down the gastric emptying? |
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Definition
| fats, high osmolarity and low pH |
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Term
| how can the duodenum regulate gastric emptying? |
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Definition
| signals to stomach neuronally and hormonally to regulate emptying; GLP1 rel from duod to inhibit |
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Term
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Definition
| glucagon like peptide; rel from the duod to inhibit gastric emptying and GI motility; control amt of food coming to the smint |
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Term
| what will stimulate the release of CCK |
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Definition
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Term
| how does CCK slow gastric emptying? |
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Definition
| inhibits proximal contractions |
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Term
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Definition
| inspire against closed glottis, LES relaxes, contraction of ab muscles, contents into esophagus, stretch neck, elevate hyoid bone, relax UES |
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Term
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Definition
| stretch causes the desire to contract |
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Term
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Definition
| protection, lubrication, neutralization of acid, cleansing |
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Term
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Definition
| antibacterial activity- lysozyme and lactoferrin punch holes in the wall of bacteria |
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Term
| how does saliva neutralize acid? |
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Definition
| bicarbonate in the saliva, (reflex from stomach) |
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Term
| how does saliva lubricate? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| salivary amylase begins digestion of carbs |
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Term
| why does digestion of starches by salivary amylase stop when it gets to the stomach? |
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Definition
| the acidity kills the enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| fxnl unit of salivary gland |
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Term
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Definition
| acinar cells and duct cells |
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Term
| acinar cells secrete what? |
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Definition
| secrete amylase lysozyme, mucus, and other inorganic comp Na, Cl, K, HCO3, and water into the saliva; same concentration as in plasma; movement things from ECF into the cells in the glands |
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Term
| what do the duct cells do in the salivon? |
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Definition
| once components travel from the acinar cells to the ducts the duct changes the composition of the salia by sec more bicarb and more K; and reabsorbing some Na and Cl |
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Term
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Definition
| higher conc of K and bicarb and lower conc of Na and Cl |
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Term
| what are the controls of salivation? |
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Definition
| stimulated by thought of food, smell, mech stim, taste (acid); neural mechanism- most impt ctrl is PSNS, SNS small transient stim; both stim sec of salivary gl |
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Term
| gastric glands, oxyntic glands |
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Definition
| in stomach; HCl, mucus and pepsinogen are mjor secretions |
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Term
| surface epithelials cells int he stomach secrete what? and why? |
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Definition
| mucus and bicarb for protection of the stomach |
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Term
| mucus neck cells are found where? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| mucus neck cells sec what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what do parietal cells secrete? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what do chief cells secrete? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is pepsinogen impt for? |
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Definition
| converted to pepsin for digestion of pr |
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|
Term
| what cells sec the hormone gastrin? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| where are the ECL cells located? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what do the ECL cells secrete? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells interact to control rel of HCl and pepsinogen? |
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Definition
surface epithelial cells, mucus neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, G cells, D cells, ECL cells
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Term
| what does HCl do in the stomach? |
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Definition
| kills bacteria, activates pepsinogen, denatures protein |
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Term
| what activates pepsinogen? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how do parietal cells secrete HCl? |
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Definition
| uses H/K ATPase to bring K in and H out into the lumen |
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Term
| where does the H come from that is secreted by Parietal cell? |
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Definition
| H comes from the dissoc of water to H and OH |
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Term
| what happens to the OH that is formed from the disocc of water after the H is sec out of the parietal cell? |
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Definition
| OH combines with another H in the cell |
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Term
| where does the H come from the OH binds to in the parietal cell? |
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Definition
| the enz carbonic anyhdrase takes H2O and CO2 and converts it to H2CO3 which dissoc to bicarb and H |
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Term
| how do we move bicarb out of the parietal cell? |
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Definition
| Cl/Bicarb counter transporter moves Cl into the cell and bicarb out |
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Term
| how is bicarb transported out of the cell? |
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Definition
| by secondary AT with the Cl/bicarb counter transporter |
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Term
| after bicarb is transpoted out of the cell how does the resulting Cl in the cell get moved back out? |
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Definition
| Cl goes with K back out of the cell |
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|
Term
| where do the bicarb and the H go after leaving the parietal cell? |
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Definition
| bicarb goes to teh blood and H goes to the lumen of the stomach |
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Term
| what are the direct stimulants of HCl secretion? |
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Definition
| stim of parietal cells by vagus nerve (ACh activate M R); hormone gastrin binds to parietal cells to cause secretion of HCl; histamine binds to parietal cells to cause secretion of HCl |
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Term
| how can HCl be indirectly stimulated for secretion? |
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Definition
| vagus can stimulate ECL cell to release histamine which can then go to stimulate the parietal cell to sec HCl; vagus can stim G cell to rel gastrin which can go stim parietal cells to cause sec |
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Term
| what are cephalic phase stimuli? |
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Definition
| taste smell chewing swallowing |
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Term
| what does the vagus stimulate in the cephalic phase? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| vagus stimulation of the myenteric plexus can stim parietal cells to directly cause what secretion? |
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Definition
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Term
| cholinergic neurons can stimulate ECL to rel what? and subsequently secrete what? |
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Definition
| secrete histamine and therefore secrete HCl through stimulation of the parietal cells by histamine stimulation |
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Term
| short reflexes of the gastric phase are due to what? |
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Definition
| distension of the stomach |
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Term
| how can ENS cause secretion of HCl? |
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Definition
| stim neurons to ECL, parietal cells, G cells; ECL sec histamine which go stim parietal to sec HCL; parietal cell stim causes sec of HCl; G cells sec gastrin which can then go stim the ECL and parietal cells--> rel of histamine (which then also goes to parietal cells to stim HCl) and rel of HCl |
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Term
| peptides, Ca, coffee can stimulate what cells? |
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Definition
| stimulate G cells to secrete gastrin rel |
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Term
| how is HCl secretion inhibited in the gastric phase? |
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Definition
| D cells rel somatostatin hormone (stimulated for rel by acid); if there is excess acid want to inhibit the secretion of HCl; so acid stim D cells to rel somatostatin; somatostatin inhibits gastrin rel from G cells (which then doesnt stim ECL or parietal cells for HCl sec); also inhibits ECL cells from sec histamine- less histamine stim par cells for HCl sec |
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|
Term
| excess vomiting causes loss of blank and build up of blank |
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Definition
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|
Term
| excess vomiting can cause you to become what? |
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Definition
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Term
| excess vomiting shuts down the negative feedback system of ? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what are HCl secretion inhibitors of the intestinal phase? |
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Definition
| acid, hyperosmotic solutions, FA |
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Term
| how do acid hyperosmotic solutions and FA inhib HCl secretion the intestinal phase? |
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Definition
| these hit the duod and stim neurons ENS in the int that go back to the stomach to inhibit acid secretion; they also stimulate cells in duod that rel hormone enterogastrone- goes into circulation and inhibits acid release and titrate amt of acid coming out of stom into duod (gives smint time to process components; we would damage smint and inactivate enz that we are using to digest the food there if had acid in the smint |
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Term
| what is the purpose in inhibiting acid secretion during the intestinal phase? |
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Definition
| if we have acid coming into the smint then the smint will be damaged and the enz we are using to dig our food will be inactivated |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is IF rel stimulated? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| achlorhydric (Cant sec HCl bc damage to parietal cells) causes what? |
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Definition
| pernicious anemia, bc need IF to absorb B12; causes somthing with RBC formation |
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Term
| where is pepsinogen made? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| pepsinogen is packaged into zymogen granules at? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the stimulus of rel of pepsinogen from the zymogen granules into the lumen? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| how is pepsinogen activated? |
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Definition
| acid in the stomach and other activated pepsin |
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|
Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the stim for mucus secretion? |
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Definition
| mechanical and cholinergic |
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Term
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Definition
| bicarb and mucus and tight junctions- prevents pepsin from getting to epith cells and eating them up |
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|
Term
| exocrine portion of pancreas |
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Definition
| ducts, acinar cells sec enz impt for dig of pr carbs and fats; |
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Term
| what do duct cells in the exocrine duct of panc sec? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do acinar duct cells of exocine panc sec? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do duct cells of exocrine panc secrete? |
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Definition
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Term
| feed forward system of exocrine panc acinar cells |
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Definition
| chewing, reflexes from vagus imput to acinar cause sec of enz to prep for food coming down |
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Term
| acid stimulated the S cells in the exocrine duct of panc to sec what? |
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Definition
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Term
| secretin goes in ciruclation and goes to duct cells in exocrine panc to |
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Definition
| cause sec of bicarb and water |
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Term
| secretin causes the sec of bicarb and water from the duct cells of exocrine panc gl in the smint because |
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Definition
| if the bicarb wasnt there it would be an acid environment (from stomach acid) and then would inhibit the enz you sec for digestion |
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|
Term
| what cells in duodenum to fats and aa stimulate? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| acinar cells to rel panc enz for digestion |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| outer ring is bile salts and phosphatidinyl choline |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| water is reabsorbed to concentrate the micelles in the... |
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Definition
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|
Term
| fat into the duod will stim the I cells to rel CCK which causes |
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Definition
| stimulates sec of panc enz, and relax the sphincter of oddi and contraction of the gall bladder so that micelles will go into the smint where they can aid in the dig of fats |
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Term
| how much bile salts are reabsorbed at the ileum? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| FA, steroids, and ethanol can transport across the PM via |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how do we absorb solutes? |
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Definition
| sodium solute co transporters; solute from lumen into epith (NA in too) use fac diff for solute to blood and Na pump for Na to blood |
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Term
| most nutrients are absorbed where? |
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Definition
| smint (D>J>I, simply bc less to be absorbed) |
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Term
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Definition
| luminal side, bc of microbilli; |
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|
Term
| carbs pr fats are absorbed very well where in the smint? |
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Definition
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|
Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| where are bile salts absorbed? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| where is vita B12 absorbed? |
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Definition
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Term
| digestion and absorption of carbs |
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Definition
| mouth- salivary amylase starts breaking down starch, stops when hits stom; in smint- panc sec panc amylases- breakdown to disacc, oligosacc, trisacc, only monosacc absorbed; enterocytes(epith cells of GI tract) have oligosaccaridases- break down to monosacc; gluc and galac are hexoses, fructose is pentose; gluc/galac use Na/gluc dependent co transporter, out by fac diff; fructose uses fac diff on both membranes |
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Term
| digestion and absorption of pr |
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Definition
| activate pepsinogen to pepsin via acid; pepsin starts the pr dig; in smint- not HCl to activate enz- so trypsinogen sec by panc goes interacts with enteropeptidases on brush border to trypsin- act trypsinogen and other proteolytic enz; pepsin and panc proteases break down into oligopeo, aa, and dipep- dipep and aa taken up, oligopep further interact with brush border proteases; Na/aa cotransporter, then fac diff; dipep/ H cotransport, dipep broken down in epith, aa out by fac diff |
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Term
| digestion and absorption of fat |
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Definition
| antral systole- slamming turns to sm fat droplets to duod; stim sec of bile and micelles, bile salt comp coat droplets keep emulsified, digested by panc lipase with help of colipase- into tryglycerides to FA and MG; rel from droplet but not soluble so react to form micelle diffuse into epith cells via simple reesterified to triglycerides- protein coat to make chylomicron- makes water soluble leaves cell via exocytosis to lacteals- eventually to bl; |
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Term
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Definition
| fat soluble ADEK follow lipid absorption- in micelles then incorp into chylomicrons req bile salts; water soluble vitas B1, B2, B6, B12, C, folic acid, niacin, pantothenic acid use simple diff, fac diff, secondary AT, and endocytosis; |
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Term
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Definition
| needs IF, bind to IF in stomach- complex then travel to smint to Ileum; there is a R for the complex on the luminal mem, takes into cell and complex dissoc; transcobalmin pr binds to B12 in cell- new complex goes across basolateral side into bl; goes to tissues needed esp for formation of RBC |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Na/ solute cotransporters used to absorb solutes, nut; Na into epith along grad Na/H counter trasnporter; Na in H out, Na channels down grad into epith cell; allow reabsorb into epith cell; to get out basolateral side use Na/K ATPase Na out to bl, K into cell |
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Term
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Definition
| as Na is reabsorbed across epith layer- sets up elec grad cause Cl to diffuse across cells through Cl channel and through tight junctions |
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Term
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Definition
| K in lumen come to equilibrium with basolateral side as water absorbed, inc conc of K in lumen (less water) it will then go down electrochem grad to go across cell into basolateral side PASSIVE |
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Term
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Definition
| H from stomach, bicarb from panc; these will combine to make H2CO3 and then dissoc to water and CO2, CO2 diffuses across to plasma dn water will diffuse across with its gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 mech: whole length of smint can go down its grad across the cells bt the cells in the tight junctions- ec grad from lumen to bl; paracellular pwy, passive;;;; 2nd- occurs in duodenum- active pwy; Ca absorbed through Ca channels on luminal side of epith cells; Ca bound to pr calbindin in the epith cell then diffuse across cell on basolateral side by Ca/ATPase and other is Na/Ca countertransporter out of cell of basolateral side (Vita D3 reg the mech by inc the amt of Ca channels on luminal side of epith cell- inc amt of calbindin- inc number of Ca/ATPase enhance ability of cell to absorb Ca from Gi tract by more channels, calbindin, and CaATPase |
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Term
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Definition
| hard to absorb; Iron/H cotrasnporter across luminal side; pr mobilferrin binds iron in cell goes to basolateral side; out with fac diff; bl iron is bound to transferrin; if dont need iron in bl then apoferritin pr bind to iron and be stored in cell as ferritin |
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Term
|
Definition
| normally solutes transported acoss epith, water goes with solutes to keep isotonic but absorb unsoluble solutes then no longer have water reabsorbed to blood |
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Term
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Definition
| ingestion of solutes that are inherently difficult to absorb (Mg salts, sorbitol, polyethylene glycol (Miralax)); primary malabsorptions (loss of solute transporter, uncommon); secondary malabsorptions- lactose intolerance, if cant breakdown lactose then cant reabsorb water |
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Term
| osmotic diarrhea volume and treatments |
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Definition
| large volume >1 L/day, stops when you stop ingesting food |
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Term
|
Definition
| solutes transported from the basolateral and going to lumen, retain water in the lumen of the GI tract |
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|
Term
| secretory diarrhea causes |
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Definition
| bacterial infection of the GI tract (cholera)- produce enterotoxins that stim intestinal and colonic secretion; fat malabsorption- in the colon, bact metab fats to prod substances that are secretogogues to coloncytes |
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|
Term
| secretory diarrhea volume and treatment |
|
Definition
| large volume >1L/day, those caused by bacteria persist even after fasting |
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Term
|
Definition
| damage to epith lining of int, bact infection, trauma; rel of pr, wbc, rbc into smint bring water with them, mucus |
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|
Term
| exudative diarrhea causes |
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Definition
| dysentery- bact inf, shigella, amoebic dysentery causes damage to Gi tract, blood and mucus in the stools; inflammatory bowel disease- caused by some bact inf; ulcerative colitis; chrohn's disease; |
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|
Term
| exudative diarrhea volume |
|
Definition
| freq passage > 6 times a day of sm vol stool 1 L/day |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| increased motility (impt factor in irregular bowel fxn seen in irritable bowel syndrome, cant have time to absorb water); excess use of laxatives |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| dehydration, losing K and Na, hyponatremia and hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis- loss of bicarb not reabsorbing it, panc is sec bicarb to neutralize acid normally would reabsob bicarb form water and CO2, not occuring; death |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| infreq or difficult evac of the feces; causes blockage of rectum, dilated or atrophic colon, elevated levels of progesterone, lack of dietary fiber, emotional disturbances, medication |
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Term
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Definition
| breakdown in mucosa of stomach or duod, may lead to GI bleeding, obstruction, penetration and perforation of GI(bact into cavity major inf); causes- helicobactor pylori, NSAIDS, zollinger-ellison syndrome; treatment- combo of drugs to prevent acid rel (antihistmaines or proton pump inhib) and antibiotics |
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Term
| zollinger- ellison syndrome |
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Definition
| gastrin secreting tumors in the panc duod or both; gastrin stim rel of histamine from ECL and stim sec of HCl from parietal; therapies- antihistamines, H2 antagonists, proton pump inhibitors |
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Term
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Definition
| swallow 50-500 ml/day of hair, major source is neutralization of acid by bicarb- form water and CO2, L of CO2/day reabsorb and exhaled, major source of gas is bact fermentation in the colon; any nut not dig bact will dig and create various gases; beans hard to digest deliver lots of nut to bact; borborygmus due to gas going back and forth across sphincters; passage of gas out of GI is due to diff in the P of gases in the lg int and that of atmostphere; flatus 500-1500 ml/day |
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Term
| the hydrostatic P of the bl is increased by the pumping action of the |
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Definition
| left and right ventricles |
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Term
| driving force for bl flow to the peripheral vascular beds and lungs |
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Definition
| due to the pressure increase by the pumping action of the RV and LV |
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Term
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Definition
| measured in units of volume per unit time L/min |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| resistance to bl flow occurs |
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Definition
| because fo the shear forces that exist bt the bl and the vessel wall and bc of bl viscosity |
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Term
| resistance to blood flow is black to the 4th power radius of the BV |
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Definition
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Term
| As the radius of BV dec by a factor of 2 the resistance blank by a factor of blank |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| change in pressure/resistance |
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Term
| bl flow is directly proportional to blank and inversly proportional to blank |
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Definition
| pressure gradient, vascular resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 cusps; bt LA and LV; passive opening when BP in LA is higher than in the LV; close passively; papillary muscles hold them in |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 cusps, in bt RA and RV; opens passively closes passively held by papillary muscles |
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Term
| cardiac valves present blank resistance to blood flow |
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Definition
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Term
| blank pressure differences across the cardiac valves are sufficient ot produce blank bl flows |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| adj to intercalated disks, low resistance pwy permits cell to cell conduction of AP |
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Term
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Definition
| comprised of cardiac musc cells that have become spec for conduction of AP rather than contractile force |
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Term
| SNS innervation of the heart |
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Definition
| NE primary NT, assoc with mainly beta-adrenergic R |
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Term
| PSNS innervation of the heart |
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Definition
| ACh primary NT and assoc R are M |
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Term
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Definition
| prod cardiac AP, establish HR |
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Term
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Definition
| located at base of RA near tricuspid valve; slow conduction through the heart; allows for complete contraction of atria before ventricular contraction; only electrical connection bt the atria and the ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase 4: RMP -90 mV; prolonged plateau phase resulting in total AP duration of 300-400 ms; Phase 0: Rapid depol- VG Na open (K perm dec); Phase 1: initial repolarization; Phase 2: plateau- K channels closed, VG Ca L open enter cell; Phase 3: Final repolarization-Ca channels close and K open |
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Term
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Definition
| cell sof SA node; no stable RMP; slow depolarization until threshold then AP initiated, no plateau phase; intrinsic activity to heart; slow depol- beginning Na funny opens bc of previous repol, and then at end Ca T open and close causes threshold reach; at threshold VG Ca L opens briefly carries positive in causing depol; Repol- L Ca close and K perm returns to normal |
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Term
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Definition
| recording elec act of heart from external electrodes; P- depol of atria, QRS- ventricular depol; T- ventricular repol; detect abnormalities in electrical events; doesnt detect abnormal mech activity unless causes a disturbance in electrical activity |
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Term
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Definition
| AP to T tubules; Ca from plateau phase of CardiacAP causes rel of Ca from SR; inc in cytosolic Ca conc that initiates contraction is result of Ca being rel from SR and Ca entering the cell from the outside; removal of Ca- AT to SR by Ca ATPase, and one also on PM; and Ca/Na exchanger; amount of Ca in cytosol determines strength of contraction |
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Term
| refractory period inthe heart |
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Definition
| lasts almost as long as mechanical contraction, due to long plateau phase of Cardiac AP; impossible to produce tetanic contractions |
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Term
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Definition
| ventricles relaxing and filling |
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Term
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Definition
| ventricles contract and eject blood |
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Term
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Definition
| early in diastole P grad is rel large results in fast filling |
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Term
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Definition
| as diastole progresses P grad diminishes and vent filling slower |
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Term
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Definition
| as result of elec activity LA contracts and pushes additional sm amt of bl into vent |
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Term
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Definition
| end diastolic volume- total vol of bl contained int he bl at the end of atrial contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| vent P exceed aortic P and aortic valve will open, permitting bl to flow from the vent to the aorta |
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Term
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Definition
| bl flow out of the vent slowly diminsh |
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Term
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Definition
| end systolic volume; amt of bl contained in the vent at the end of the ejection phase |
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Term
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Definition
| stroke volume; difference between EDV and ESV; EDV-ESV |
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Term
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Definition
| ejection fraction; amt of blood ejected during a contration expressed as percentage of total amt of bl contained in the ventricle at the end of diastole; normal is about 60%; EF = SV/EDV |
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Term
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Definition
| during diastole dec from 120 mmHg to 80 mmHg; result of bl leaving aorta; at valve opening bl ejected to the aorta rapid inc in aortic P |
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Term
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Definition
| the peak pulmonary artery P around 24 mmHg, diastolic pulmonary P is about 8 mmHg as compared to 120 and 70 for aorta |
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Term
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Definition
| result of closing of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the beginning of systole |
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Term
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Definition
| result of closing of the aortic and pulmonic valves at the end of systole |
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Term
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Definition
| turbulence assoc with transition from the rapid filling phase to the slow filling phase; mid diastole; commonly heard when ventricle is dilated and atrial P is high |
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Term
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Definition
| due to movement of bl assoc with atrial systole; late in diastole; common heard in hearts which the ventricle is very stiff like hypertrophied heart |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by blood flowing through abnormally small opening or in narrowed BV |
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Term
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Definition
| cardiac output, vol of bl pumped by each vent per min; avg 5 L/min; found by SV * HR |
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Term
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Definition
| normally PSNS> SNS so HR approx 70 bpm rather than intrinsic 100 for SA node; increasing PSNS dec the number of Na funny and Ca T channels open--> longer time to threshold, fewer AP, lower HR; also hyperpolarizes cell- contrib to inc amt of time it takes to reach threshold;;; SNS activity increase--> inc number of Na funny and Ca T open reach threshold faster, inc HR |
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Term
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Definition
| increase SNS activity, inc the velocity of conduction of AP through the AV node |
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Term
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Definition
| inc PSNS activity, dec velocity of conduction of AP through AV node |
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Term
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Definition
ventricles dont empty with each beat so alter SV by alter force of contraction- alter EDV or alter SNS or both;
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Term
| Altering EDV and effect on SV |
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Definition
| filled more, greater contraction; as SV inc EDV inc; frank starrling mech; rel to length tension prop of tissue; effect of this mech is that CO of the LV and RV are equal |
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Term
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Definition
| SNS to myocardium and SA; inc activity, inc cardiac contractility (strength of contraction at any given EDV); change sin contractility independent of changes in EDV; inc SNS shift ventricular fxn curve up and left; SV is greater at any given EDV; inc SNS causes contraction and relaxation of vent to occur more rapidly thus compensating for effects of inc HR on vent filling |
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Term
| EF provides a blank measure of contractility |
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Definition
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Term
| SNS and Cardiac contractility |
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Definition
| open more PM Ca L during plateau, inc amt of Ca from SR; stim of Ca reabsorption to SR; alter binding of Ca to troponing; Inc cardiac contractility are result of inc in amt of free Ca during contraction and inc in rate of removal of Ca from cytosol during relaxation |
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Term
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Definition
| magnitude of aortic P or pulmonary artery P against which the vent must eject its load of bl |
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Term
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Definition
| stroke volume to decrease |
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Term
| serve as conduits to move bl from LV to more distant parts of periphery |
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Definition
| aorta and large systemic arteries |
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Term
| aorta and large systemic arteries provide blank resistance |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| systolic pressure; max P achieved during systole in the aorta |
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Term
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Definition
| diastolic pressure; min P in the aorta before ejection begins |
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Term
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Definition
| pulse pressure; diff bt the SP and DP |
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Term
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Definition
| mean arterial P; = DP + 1/3 PP; |
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Term
| magnitude of PP determined by |
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Definition
| amt of bl ejected by ventricle per beat (SV) and rate of ejection of blood from the ventr and the compliance of the arterial system |
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Term
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Definition
| how easily an elastic str can be stretched; =change in volume/ change in P; larger more easy |
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Term
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Definition
| determine the relative bl flows to the various organs for a given MAP and play a major role in determining the MAP |
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Term
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Definition
| Flow = pressure grad/ resistance |
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Term
| arterioles are major site of blank to bl flow |
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Definition
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Term
| if MAP is constant, as arteriolar resistance increases to a vascular bed the amoutn of blood that will flow into that bed |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increased bl flow as result of inc metab activity; result of production or loss of certain materials in the immed vicinity or within the vascular bed; low O2--> inc the amt of bl flow bc need bl to bring O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| maintenance of bl flow in the face of changes in MAP; same mech as active hyperemia |
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Term
| SNS NE cause blank by activating alpha R |
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Definition
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Term
| dec SNS discharge relaxes the sm musc and produces |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| NO impt in control of blood flow in the blank and blank |
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Definition
| GI and penis where they mediate erection |
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Term
| in coronary and skeletal vascular sm musc beta 2 R predom and epinephrine binding causes |
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Definition
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Term
| epinephrine binding to alpha R in vascular beds causes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| atrial natiuretic peptide |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| continuously rel from endothel cells and induces vasodilation |
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Term
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Definition
| prostacyclin; vasodilation |
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Term
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Definition
| endothelin-1; paracrine vasoconstrictor |
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Term
| endothel cells in cap are not attached tightly to one another but separated by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| control bl flow from the metarterioles into the cap and contract or relax in response to local metabolites |
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Term
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Definition
| in cap much less than in arterioles; V=F/A; V = blood flow velocity; F= blood flow and A total cross sectional area at that level of the circulatory system |
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Term
| bulk flow distributes of redistributes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (Pc-Pif) - (PIp-PIif); in systemic cap beds there is net movement of fluid out of cap at arterial end and net into the cap at the venous end; positive out of cap, favor filtration; negative in favor absorption; in pulmonary cap mag different so net reabsorption happens along entire length |
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Term
| exchange of materials in the venules |
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Definition
| occurs but only a small amount |
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Term
| driving force for bl flow from the veing back to the heart |
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Definition
| P grad bt the peripheral veins and RA (5-10 mmHg); resistance is low |
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Term
| veins also serve a storage fxn in that total vol of the peripheral veins can be altered by SNS acting on sm musc in walls of vessels to cause |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| as veins compressed bt contracting skel musc, bl forced toward heart but cant move in opp direction bc of the valves |
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Term
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Definition
| diaphragm down, inc intraab P and peripheral venous P; intrathoracic P dec so dec P in large veins in thorax; inc the P grad and thus inc the amt of bl flowing back to heart |
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Term
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Definition
| must be identical except for very brief periods of time |
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Term
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Definition
| large water filled channels that are perm to all ISF components including pr |
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Term
| fat absorbed from the GI system enters the CV system by way of the |
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Definition
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Term
| sm musc in the walls of the lymph vessels exhibit blank which propels the lymph toward the heart |
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Definition
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Term
| lymph vessels have valves that establish |
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Definition
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Term
| sm musc in the lymph system is |
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Definition
| activated by stretch and will begin rhythmic contraction when the lymph vessels become distended |
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Term
| major CV variable being regulated in the systemic circulation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (and changes in hormonal sec) provide means of controlling MAP over the time span of seconds to hrs |
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Term
| baroR are collection of nerve ending in the |
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Definition
| carotid sinuses and the arch of the aorta |
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Term
| baroR are stretch R whose rate of firing is directly proportional to the |
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Definition
| P present in the lg BV where they are located |
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Term
| afferent neurons from the baroR travel to the blank control centers in the brainstem |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| primary integrating center for the ctrl of BP; input comes from arterial BaroR and output goes to heart arterioles and veins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| adaptation of stretch R to prolonged inc or dec in BP limits abiliy of syst to deal with |
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Definition
| sustained inc or dec in arterial P |
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Term
| long term regulation of BP |
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Definition
| accomplished mainly through regulation of Bl vol by the kidneys |
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