Term
| applied behavior analysis |
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Definition
| modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response |
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| aka applied behavior analysis: the use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior |
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| using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control |
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| learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the response |
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| in classical conditioning, modern theory in which conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus |
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| conditioned emotional response |
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Definition
| (CER) emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person |
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| (CR) in classical conditioning, a learned response to a conditioned stimulus |
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| (CS) in classical conditioning a preciously neutral stimulus that becomes able to produce a conditioned response, after pairing with an unconditioned stimulus |
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| conditioned taste aversion |
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Definition
| development of a nausea of aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association |
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| the reinforcement of each and every correct response |
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| any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement |
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| the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning) |
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| fixed interval schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same |
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| fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses requires for reinforcement is always the same |
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| higher-order conditioning |
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Definition
| occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus |
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| the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly |
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| tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns |
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| learning that remains hidden until its application become useful |
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| law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated |
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| the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past |
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| any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice |
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Term
| learning/performance distinction |
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Definition
| referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior |
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| the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus |
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| form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior |
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| (NS) in classical conditioning, a stimulus that has no effect on the desired response prior to conditioning |
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| learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior |
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| any behavior that is voluntary and not elicited by specific stimuli |
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| the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses |
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Term
| partial reinforcement effect |
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Definition
| the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction |
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| the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus |
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| any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch |
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| any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again |
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| punishment by application |
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Definition
| the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus |
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| the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus |
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| an involuntary response, one that is not under personal control or choice |
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| any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again |
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| any events or objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again |
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| any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars |
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| the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior through successive approximations that lead to a desired, more complex behavior |
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| the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred |
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| the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus |
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| the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response |
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| the use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges |
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| (UCR) in classical conditioning, an involuntary and unlearned response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus |
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Definition
| (UCS) in classical conditioning, a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary and unlearned response |
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Term
| variable interval schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event |
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| variable ratio schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event |
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Definition
| classical conditioning of an involuntary response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person |
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