Term
| hammer tap on the knee causes you to contract _______ & relaxation _______ |
|
Definition
| quadricep muscle; hamstring muscle |
|
|
Term
| does a reflex involve the cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why don't you get any movement but just are bulging the muscles when you flex (think body builder)? |
|
Definition
| you're contracting both muscles |
|
|
Term
| how do all neural structures start? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 main places sensory cortices receive sensory input from |
|
Definition
1. entorhinal cortex
2. visual cortex |
|
|
Term
| motor cortex sends descending motor commands to which 2 places to move skeletal muscles? |
|
Definition
1. spinal cord
2. lower motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| after a movement, you get _______ feedback into the spinal cord circuits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do we have a homunculus for the motor cortex? |
|
Definition
| yes (just like sensory cortex) |
|
|
Term
| difference between corticobulbar tract vs corticospinal tract |
|
Definition
corticobulbar = face
corticospinal = upper extremity, trunk, lower extremity |
|
|
Term
| what was learned from the experiment where they stuck an electrode in the brain to record single neuron spiking & EMG recording muscular responses in hand (done in monkeys) |
|
Definition
| you can align action potentials from the brain recording with the EMG ramping recorded from the muscles |
|
|
Term
| do we have topology in lower motor neurons in the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| yes! (it's not just in the brain!) |
|
|
Term
| difference between proximal muscles vs distal muscles in terms of their organization in the spinal cord |
|
Definition
proximal = more medial in spinal cord
distal = more lateral in spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the somatotopic organization of lower motor neuron pools as you go down the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| you are also moving down your body with which muscle groups are represented |
|
|
Term
| motor neuron (called alpha motor neuron in spinal cord) releases ______ as primary neurotransmitter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why can you apply an electrical signal onto your muscle & cause yourself to move without actually using your cortex to do so? |
|
Definition
| motor units are electrical units |
|
|
Term
| list the three different types of motor units from highest to lowest force |
|
Definition
1. fast fatigable
2. fast fatigue-resistant
3. slow |
|
|
Term
| what is the trade off in terms of using the different muscle types? |
|
Definition
| how much force a muscle type can give you vs how long they can stay working |
|
|
Term
| why do people believe that older marathon runners are better at this long distance stuff but might not be as good at sprinting? |
|
Definition
| they have more fast fatigue-resistant muscles |
|
|
Term
| which motor neurons are usually only activated when a large amount of force is required? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do people who work out look more toned? |
|
Definition
| people who work out more usually have better innervation of their muscles...these muscles are activated at any given amount of time |
|
|
Term
| normal vs extensor plantar response (example of sensorimotor reflex) |
|
Definition
normal: touching of the bottom of foot --> toes down (flexion)
extensor: touching of the bottom of foot --> fanning of toes (Babinski sign) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| understanding of where your body is in space |
|
|
Term
| what kind of signals tell your body how much you need to flex to hold something in a specific place in space? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 instances in which golgi tendon organs are important due to their role in negative feedback regulation of muscle tension |
|
Definition
1. if you catch something too heavy
2. if you catch something too light |
|
|
Term
| is there need for descending input when you're walking? |
|
Definition
| no! (you're not really consciously thinking about how you're walking) |
|
|
Term
| cat experiment demonstrating cortical descending input isn't necessary for walking |
|
Definition
| experimenters disconnected brain from spinal cord, but if you put the cats on a treadmill they actually would naturally move to walk! |
|
|
Term
| how were tuning of certain motor neurons for movement to specific places discovered? |
|
Definition
| monkey experiment: he looks to see where a light lights up & then moves his cursor to where the light is shining |
|
|
Term
| most simple kind of network |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "attractor" relationship between two neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "self inhibition" network |
|
Definition
| excitatory neuron excited an inhibitory neuron that feeds back onto it to inhibit the initial neuron |
|
|
Term
| "mutual inhibition" network |
|
Definition
| excitatory neurons excite inhibitory neurons that inhibit the other excitatory neurons |
|
|
Term
| can neurons have spontaneous firing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are all synapses of equal strength? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "recurrent innervation" network |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 examples of how upper motor neurons are directional & also limb specific |
|
Definition
1. left side of the brain tends to control the right side of the body
2. neurons can actually be inhibited in opposite direction from its preferred direction |
|
|
Term
| magnitudes of various neuronal responses at different direction angles allows you to make _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the train of thought behind brain computer interface (BCI)? |
|
Definition
| if we can use tuning curves to decode a motor signal, we can have computer output a motor command to a machine to move something |
|
|
Term
| 6 steps in stretch reflex circuitry that helps you adjust when holding something surprisingly heavy (for example) |
|
Definition
1. descending facilitation & inhibition
2. alpha motor neuron
3. muscle (puts out the force required to hold glass)
4. disturbance (addition of liquid to glass...causes a length change in muscle fiber)
5. spindle receptor (disturbance causes an increase in spindle afferent discharge)
6. alpha motor neuron for adjustment |
|
|
Term
| our initial motor command to pick something up comes from ______ |
|
Definition
| our IDEA of how heavy something is going to be |
|
|
Term
| equation for Bayesian inference |
|
Definition
| P(belief | sensory input) = [P(sensory input | belief) * P(belief)] / P(sensory input) |
|
|
Term
| probability vs Bayesian probability |
|
Definition
probability: often used to refer to frequency
Bayesian probability: a measure of a state of knowledge |
|
|
Term
| what does Bayesian probability quantify |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| P(A|B) = [P(B|A) * P(A)] / P(B) |
|
|
Term
| in Bayes' theorem, "A" means _____ |
|
Definition
| prior hypothesis or belief |
|
|
Term
| in Bayes' theorem, "B" means _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bayes' theorem: long hair, bathroom line example
A = ? |
|
Definition
| belief that you are looking at a woman |
|
|
Term
Bayes' theorem: long hair, bathroom line example
B = ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 reasons why Bayesian probability is useful |
|
Definition
1. it allows us to put probability values on unknowns
2. this can show counterintuitive results - e.g. that the disease test may not be useful |
|
|
Term
| 3 things we need in addition to sensory inputs to make decisions |
|
Definition
1. memory
2. models
3. cognitive circuits |
|
|
Term
| what do cells in a circuit perform computations between to decide how to enact different results? |
|
Definition
| sensory input & memory of how things normally are |
|
|
Term
| is the BG thought of as a singular unit in the brain or as a plurality of things? |
|
Definition
| singular unit (even though the word is plural) |
|
|
Term
| how do we interact with the ever-changing world? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. supervised
2. unsupervised
3. reinforcement |
|
|
Term
| 6 steps in the agent flow of learning |
|
Definition
1. receives state
2. follows policy
3. selects action
4. obtains reward
5. transitions state
6. repeat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maximize potential long-term gain |
|
|
Term
| BG: cortex --> excitatory onto ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BG: GPi/SNr --> inhibitory onto ______ --> excitatory back onto ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are projection neurons from the basal ganglia inhibitory or excitatory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two pathways in basal ganglia activated by the motor plan |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the striatum a pretty large or pretty small area of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are the direct & indirect pathway neurons arranged in the striatum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do the direct/indirect pathways interact in the BG? |
|
Definition
| act to keep each other in check |
|
|
Term
| in primates, the BG is called the _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dopaminergic input for the BG comes from the ________ onto the caudate/putamen (AKA striatum) |
|
Definition
| substantia nigra pars compacta |
|
|
Term
| SNR has a high firing rate, tonic activity --> projects _______ onto the thalamus (as well as other areas) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| difference between glutamatergic vs GABAergic |
|
Definition
glutamatergic = positive
GABAergic = inhibitory |
|
|
Term
| direct pathway neurons: _______ dopamine receptor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| indirect pathway neurons: _______ dopamine receptor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does the BG project to downstream motor nuclei? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does dopamine cause a cell to fire or to be inhibited? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if the striatum is at rest, is there excitation of motor cortex? |
|
Definition
| no (globus pallidus is tonically active --> thereby inhibiting the thalamus) |
|
|
Term
| why is the motor cortex excited if the striatum is transiently excited? |
|
Definition
| globus pallidus is transiently inhibited --> thalamus is disinhibited so other inputs can excite it |
|
|
Term
| how is the caudate involved in eye movement? |
|
Definition
| increased caudate activity (direct pathway) --> decrease in SNR activity --> increase in superior colliculus activity --> primate moves its eyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 motor loops BG is involved in |
|
Definition
1. body movement
2. oculomotor |
|
|
Term
| 2 non-motor loops BG is involved in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what would happen if we killed off the dopamine input to the BG? |
|
Definition
| we would see that the direct pathway drive would be diminished relative to controls & the indirect pathway drive would be increased relative to controls |
|
|
Term
| in a PD brain, you can see a lack of black colored cells in the ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is Parkinson's a basal ganglia disease? |
|
Definition
| NO (it is a dopamine circuit disease) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| electrode brain implant is connected back to generators outside of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eliminate physical symptoms of PD such as rigidity, tremors, & bradykinesia |
|
|
Term
| 2 clinical applications for PD |
|
Definition
1. DBS
2. dopamine replacement therapy (L-DOPA) |
|
|
Term
| do we know why DBS works? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is Huntington's disease symptoms different from PD? |
|
Definition
| instead of a decrease of movement, you see a lack of "breaking" or an increase in involuntary movement |
|
|
Term
| what does a Huntington's brain look like compared to control? |
|
Definition
| can literally see a shriveling up of the caudate/putamen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| direct pathway MSN receptor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| indirect pathway MSN receptor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 brain regions involved in motor circuits |
|
Definition
1. motor cortex
2. BG
3. cerebellum
4. thalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feedback signal is reward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tells you HOW to do something with an error signal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no real feedback on your actions |
|
|
Term
| how is the joystick task an example of reinforcement learning? |
|
Definition
| we don't tell the animal what it is doing wrong with the reaches when it doesn't get a reward, but when the animal does what we want it gets a reward |
|
|
Term
| how would we make the joystick task supervised learning? |
|
Definition
| if the animal was given bigger rewards for bigger reaches |
|
|
Term
| how is making desired movements a form of supervised learning? |
|
Definition
| feedback comes if movement is done wrong (ex. if reaching for something is too far to the side or too high up etc.) |
|
|
Term
| how does cerebellar ataxia show symptoms? |
|
Definition
| tremors with specific movements |
|
|
Term
| general cerebellum functions |
|
Definition
| major role in timing of motor activities & in rapid, smooth progression of movements |
|
|
Term
| general basal ganglia functions |
|
Definition
| helps plan & control complex patterns of movement |
|
|
Term
| where is the cerebellum located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is the cerebellum organized? |
|
Definition
| lots of folds & deeper structures (deep cerebellar nuclei) |
|
|
Term
| do we have a homunculus representation in cerebellum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does the cerebellum receive many or a few inputs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does cerebellum send feedback back up to motor cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is there a cerebellar cortex on each side of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all of the output from the folia (cerebellar cortex) come from _______ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 different types of APs from Purkinje cells |
|
Definition
1. simple spikes (normal APs)
2. complex spikes |
|
|
Term
| Purkinje cells learn via _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do parallel fibers have relatively large or small synapses onto the Purkinje? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are climbing fibers organized for synapses with Purkinje? |
|
Definition
| wrapped around the large dendrites |
|
|
Term
| 2 ways climbing fibers decrease Purkinje firing |
|
Definition
1. coincidence with parallel fibers --> LTD
2. huge depolarization --> bit of silent time when it can't fire another AP |
|
|
Term
| how does cerebellar folia exposed to alcohol look? |
|
Definition
| like there is a lack of cells |
|
|
Term
| what does the eye do when viewing a picture? |
|
Definition
| the eye actually makes lots of tiny movements in a very specific way |
|
|
Term
| do eyes move very quickly or slowly to match a target? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what would happen if the brain didn't turn off visual input while you are making a saccade? |
|
Definition
| you would feel like your world is always shifting around |
|
|
Term
| why does your brain predict what the world should look like when your eyes get to the end of their saccade? |
|
Definition
| you are not crazy thrown off when your eyes get there |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forcing a saccade by pushing the eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. saccade
2. smooth pursuit |
|
|
Term
| metrics of smooth pursuit eye movements |
|
Definition
| do a catch-up saccade at initial movement of what you're following, then smooth follow its movement |
|
|
Term
| how is feedback involved in smooth pursuit? |
|
Definition
| when you're following something, you are getting constant feedback about if you're following it well (or moving your eyes too fast or too slow) |
|
|
Term
| eye muscles for up/down movement |
|
Definition
| superior rectus/inferior rectus |
|
|
Term
| eye muscles for outside/inside movement |
|
Definition
| lateral rectus/medial rectus |
|
|
Term
| eye muscles for spinning in eye socket |
|
Definition
| superior/inferior oblique |
|
|
Term
| how do muscles work together to move your eye in one direction? |
|
Definition
| that muscle contracts & the opposing muscle relaxes |
|
|
Term
| if we were to record from neuron in abducens nucleus that innervates lateral rectus muscle: as we want to move the eye laterally --> ? |
|
Definition
| there will be a large increase in firing right before movement |
|
|
Term
| if we were to record from neuron in abducens nucleus that innervates lateral rectus muscle: as the eye is wanting to be kept laterally --> ? |
|
Definition
| there will be a tonic firing to hold the eye there |
|
|
Term
| if we were to record from neuron in abducens nucleus that innervates lateral rectus muscle: if the eye is wanting to be kept medial --> ? |
|
Definition
| there will be a decrease in firing |
|
|
Term
| how do we get both eyes to move to the right at the same time? |
|
Definition
| right PPRF bifurcates & one crosses the midline to innervate both eyes |
|
|
Term
| firing rate of neuron that connects to eye muscle = tonic firing --> ? |
|
Definition
| holds eye in that position |
|
|
Term
| firing rate of neuron that connects to eye muscle = decrease/stopping in firing --> ? |
|
Definition
| eye muscle contracting on the other/opposite side |
|
|
Term
| how do you get eyes to move together? |
|
Definition
| same neuron controls the lateral rectus of right eye & also the medial rectus of the left eye |
|
|
Term
| does superior colliculus to ipsilateral or contralateral control? |
|
Definition
| contralateral (just like motor cortex) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do visual & motor neurons work together to get your eyes to reflexively saccade when something pops into your field of view? |
|
Definition
visual cells fire very quickly to tell you there is something there (LGN input)
short time after, motor cells fire to regulate saccade |
|
|
Term
| if you drive current in a visual cell, what will happen to motor cells? |
|
Definition
| it will drive EPSCs in the motor cell to drive an action potential to move eye to direct attention |
|
|
Term
| how are visual & motor layers of SC connected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| experiment to determine that saccades are encoded in movement coordinates not retinotopic coordinates |
|
Definition
animal fixated on target, had another target appear, then have animal saccade to that target
HOWEVER stimulated SC to induce a saccade in a different direction |
|
|
Term
| do oculomotor saccade neurons have tuning? |
|
Definition
| yes (in either angular direction up/down or side/side neurons have preferred angles) |
|
|
Term
| how is tuning organized for saccades? |
|
Definition
| in response to place where you are wanting to move your eye to |
|
|
Term
| pons vs midbrain saccade nuclei |
|
Definition
they exist to innervate neurons responsible for different movements:
pons = horizontal
midbrain = vertical |
|
|
Term
| how is tuning determined for saccade neurons? |
|
Definition
| neurons will show strong response to its preferred saccade but low response to saccades out of its range |
|
|
Term
| area in the front of the brain that receives a lot of innervation from motor cortex & is responsible for saccades (**monkey brain**) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are there a lot or a few brain areas involved in visual-motor transformations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are the sympathetic & parasympathetic systems the same or opponent? |
|
Definition
| opponent (govern the functions of organ systems in a homeostatic manner) |
|
|
Term
| is the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic & parasympathetic) under conscious control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| four F's autonomic nervous system (sympathetic & parasympathetic) are involved in |
|
Definition
1. fleeing
2. fighting
3. feeding
4. fucking |
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic system roles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are the same organ systems targeted by both parasympathetic & sympathetic systems or are they different? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why can the parasympathetic/sympathetic systems be thought of as reflexes? |
|
Definition
| not under CNS conscious control! |
|
|
Term
| do sympathetic & parasympathetic have the same or counteracting effects on target organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 different layers of gastrointestinal tract targeted by visceral motor system |
|
Definition
1. Meissner's plexus: secretion of enzymes
2. myenteric plexus: regulates the muscles |
|
|
Term
| what does Horner's Syndrome look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cause of Horner's Syndrome |
|
Definition
| lesion of either the reticular formation or farther down spinal cord (unilateral!) that causes loss of sympathetic innervation |
|
|
Term
| where is the hypothalamus located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is the hypothalamus organized? |
|
Definition
| has different divisions that are in charge of different things |
|
|
Term
| 2 things hypothalamus is highly involved in |
|
Definition
1. visceral motor system regulation
2. regulation of hormones |
|
|
Term
| 2 sets of inputs to hypothalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 outputs of hypothalamus |
|
Definition
1. visceral motor
2. somatic motor
3. neuroendocrine
4. behavioral responses |
|
|
Term
| main role of hypothalamus |
|
Definition
| compares input to biological set points |
|
|
Term
| 7 steps in HPA axis stress response |
|
Definition
1. stress signal
2. hypothalamus
3. CRH onto anterior pituitary
4. ACTH onto adrenal gland/kidney
5. cortisol release
6. metabolic effects
7. negative feedback loop to turn off stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypothalamus, pituitary, & adrenal |
|
|
Term
| basically, sympathetic adrenergic response is involved in _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sympathetic responses work primarily through _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| would lesioning different parts of the eye circuit get different phenological effects on eye movements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how the shapes of neurons change as they grow |
|
Definition
| neurons start round --> grow processes that become axon & dendrites |
|
|
Term
| role of growth cone in neuron growth |
|
Definition
| kind of seeks out neurons to synapse onto |
|
|
Term
| growth cone has _______ on the end |
|
Definition
| filipodia (look like little fingers) |
|
|
Term
| a stain for actin on growing neurons will stain the _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a stain for microtubules on growing neurons will stain the _______ |
|
Definition
| more structural, longer part of the cone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sheet connecting the filipodia |
|
|
Term
| how is calcium involved in neuron growth? |
|
Definition
| involved in the growth of filipodia from the lamelliposdium |
|
|
Term
| 4 steps in initial neuron growing |
|
Definition
1. starts as a round shape
2. repulsion of efferent axon
3. attraction of apical dendrite
4. branching of dendrites |
|
|
Term
| 2 reasons why repulsion is important in neuron growth |
|
Definition
1. self-avoidance
2. get neurons to be nice & tiled between each other for circuit dynamics |
|
|
Term
| role of chemoattractants in neuron growth |
|
Definition
| can work to bring pioneer growth cones in a certain direction |
|
|
Term
| 2 things that can bring axons in a particular direction when neurons are growing |
|
Definition
1. chemoattractants
2. trophic factors |
|
|
Term
| can a chemical be both a chemoattractant and a chemorepellent? |
|
Definition
| yes! can vary within or across neurons! |
|
|
Term
| how does an axon choose which side to go on at the optic chiasm when neurons are growing? |
|
Definition
| the presence of a certain receptor on the axon will affect a neuron's attraction or repulsion to a chemical to influence its growth direction |
|
|
Term
| why, if you rotate a frog's eye 180 degrees, will it flick its tongue down below when it sees a fly above it? |
|
Definition
| the neurons innervating the bottom of the eye will still be attracted to muscles to move down to the bottom direction (even though topographically that part of the eye is on the top...anything seen with that part of the eye will be connected to muscles telling things to move to the bottom) |
|
|
Term
| how is neuron growth from the retina maintaining its topography as neurons grow to the tectum? |
|
Definition
| certain neurotrophic factors are present on the anterior or the posterior of the tectum to map retinotopy |
|
|
Term
| early development neuron to muscle innervation pattern |
|
Definition
| many neurons will synapse across many muscles |
|
|
Term
| early on, do many or a few neurons innervate a given NMJ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| early on in development, will a climbing fiber wrap around many or a few Purkinje cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are neurotrophins equally attractive to all neurons? |
|
Definition
| no (what will attract one neuron will probably not attract another neuron) |
|
|
Term
| chemoattractants vs chemorepellents |
|
Definition
| regardless of where a soma is, an axon will be drawn to its chemoattractants & away from its chemorepellents |
|
|
Term
| are chemoattractants the same for all neurons? |
|
Definition
| no (what is attractive to one neuron might be repelling to another) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "cells that fire together wire together" |
|
|
Term
| how is synaptic pruning done? |
|
Definition
| certain inputs will receive neurotrophic factors & the ones that don't will die off |
|
|
Term
| neuron organization: birth |
|
Definition
| lots of neurites initially growing around |
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Term
| neuron organization: 2 years |
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Definition
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Term
| neuron organization: 6 years |
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Definition
| synaptic pruning done, much more organized |
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Term
| firing in retina is tightly coordinated with ________ firing |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the significance of the different innervation stripes in layer 4 of V1? |
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Definition
| information represented from the contralateral vs ipsilateral eye |
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Term
| cortical neuron responses to eye input: normal adult |
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Definition
| most neurons respond a little bit to both eyes; some strongly respond to one eye or the other |
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Term
| cortical neuron responses to eye input: monocular deprivation in kitten |
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Definition
| after only two days, you will see that eye no longer represented in the cortex |
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Term
| cortical neuron responses to eye input: monocular deprivation in adult |
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Definition
| after even dozens of days, you get less representation overall but you don't completely lose that eye in the cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| a time in which plasticity can only occur in that time |
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Term
| how does normal eye input look in L4 of V1? |
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Definition
| good, strong arborization in L4 |
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Term
| how does deprived eye input look in L4 of V1? |
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Definition
| no firing --> lack of arborization --> looks dead |
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Term
| what happens to tuning as an animal matures? |
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Definition
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