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| statement designed to explain unanticipated, embarrassing, or unacceptable behavior after the behavior has occurred. |
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| Action taken to restore an identity that has been damaged. |
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| Area of social interaction away from the view of an audience, where people can rehearse and rehash their behavior. |
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| Gently persuading someone who has lost face to accept a less desirable but still reasonable alternative identity. |
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| Assertion designed to forestall any complaints or negative reactions to a behavior or statement that is about to occur. |
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| Study of social interaction as theater, in which people ("actors") project images ("play roles") in front of others ("the audience"). |
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| Spontaneous feeling experienced when the identity someone is presenting is suddenly and unexpectedly discredited in front of others. |
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| Area of social interaction where people perform and work to maintain appropriate impressions. |
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| The process by which we define others based on observable cues such as age, ascribed status characteristics such as race and gender, individual attributes such as physical appearance, and verbal and nonverbal expressions. |
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| Act of presenting a favorable public image of oneself so that others will form positive judgments. |
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| Deeply discrediting characteristic that is viewed as an obstacle to competent or morally trustworthy behavior. |
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| Marriage within one's social group. |
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| Marriage outside one's social group. |
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| Family unit consisting of parent-child nuclear family and other relatives, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. |
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| Two or more persons, including the householder, who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption and who live together as one household. |
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| Living arrangement composed of one or more people who occupy a housing unit. |
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| The practice of being married to only one person at a time. |
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| Living arrangement in which a married couple sets up residence separate from either spouse's family. |
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| Family unit consisting of at least one parent and one child. |
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| Marriage of one person to more than one spouse at the same time. |
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| Approach to defining deviance that rests on the assumption that all human behavior can be considered either inherently good or inherently bad. |
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| Official definition of an act of deviance as a crime. |
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| Theory of deviance positing that people will be prevented from engaging in a deviant act if they judge the costs of such an act to outweigh its benefits. |
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| Behavior, ideas, or attributes of an individual or group that some people in society find offensive. |
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| Theory stating that deviance is the consequence of the application of rules and sanctions to an offender; a deviant is an individual to whom the identity "deviant" has been successfully applied. |
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| Definition of behavior as a medical problem, mandating the medical profession to provide some kind of treatment for it. |
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| Approach to defining deviance that rests on the assumption that deviance is socially created by collective human judgments and ideas. |
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| Large hierarchical organization governed by formal rules and regulations and having clearly specified work tasks. |
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| Subdivision of low-level jobs into small, highly specific tasks requiring less skilled employees. |
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| Specialization of different people or groups in different tasks, characteristic of most bureaucracies. |
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| Tendency for people to refrain from contributing to the common good when a resource is available without any personal cost or contribution. |
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| Ranking of people or tasks in a bureaucracy from those at the top, where there is a great deal of power and authority, to those at the bottom, where there is very little power and authority. |
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| Process by which the characteristics and principles of the fast food restaurant come to dominate other ares of social life. |
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| Multinational Corporation |
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Definition
| Company that has manufacturing, production, and marketing divisions in multiple countries. |
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| System of authority in which many people are ruled by a privileged few. |
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| Potential for a society's long-term ruin because of individuals' tendency to pursue their own short-term interests. |
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| Framework of society - social institutions, organizations, groups, statuses, and roles, custom beliefs, and institutionalized norms - that adds order and predictability to our private lives. |
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| Situation in which people acting individually and in their own self-interest use up commonly available (but limited) resources, creating disaster for the entire community. |
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| Inability to afford the minimal requirements for sustaining a reasonably healthy existence. |
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| Possession of some status or quality that compels others to obey one's directives or commands. |
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| Stratification system based on heredity, with little movement allowed across strata. |
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| Process of expanding economic markets by invading and establishing control over a weaker country and its people. |
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| Competitive Individualism |
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Definition
| Cultural belief that those who succeed in society are those who work hardest and have the best abilities and that those who suffer don't work hard enough or lack the necessary traits or abilities. |
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| Culture-of-Poverty Thesis |
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Definition
| Belief that poor people, resigned to their position in society, develop a unique value structure to deal with their lack of success. |
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| Estate System (Feudal System) |
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| Stratification system in which high-status groups own land and have power based on noble birth. |
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| Situation in which people in the lower classes come to accept a belief system that harms them; the primary means by which powerful classes in society prevent protest and revolution. |
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| Land, commercial enterprises, factories, and wealth that form the economic basis of class societies. |
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| In a society stratified by social class, a group of people who have an intermediate level of wealth, income, and prestige, such as managers, supervisors, executives, small business owners, and professionals. |
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| Individuals or families whose earning are between 100% and 125% of the poverty line (see also working poor). |
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| In a society stratified by social class, a group of people who work for minimum wage or are chronically unemployed. |
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| Amount of yearly income a family requires to meet its basic needs, according to the federal government. |
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| Percentage of people whose income falls below the poverty line. |
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| Ability to affect decisions in ways that benefit a person or protect his or her interests. |
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| Respect and honor given to some people in society. |
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| Individuals' economic position compared with the living standards of the majority in the society. |
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| Economic form of inequality in which some people are legally the property of others. |
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| Group of people who share a similar economic position in a society, based on their wealth and income. |
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| Movement of people or groups from one class to another. |
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| Prestige, honor, respect, and lifestyle associated with different positions or groups in society. |
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| Ranking system for groups of people that perpetuates unequal rewards and life chances in society. |
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| In a society stratified by social class, a group of people who have high income and prestige and who own vast amounts of property and other forms of wealth, such as owners of large corporations, top financiers, rich celebrities and politicians, and members of prestigious families. |
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| In a society stratified by social class, a group of people who have a low level of wealth, income, and prestige, such as industrial and factory workers, office workers, clerks, and farm and manual laborers. |
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| Employed people who consistently earn wages, but do not make enough to survive (see also near-poor). |
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