Term
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Definition
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Term
| green house gases can only absorb? |
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Definition
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Term
| what would the earth's temperature be without greenhouse gases? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is the earth's temperature be with greenhouse gases (on average) |
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Definition
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Term
| composition of the atmosphere |
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Definition
nitrogen 78.1 %
oxygen 20.9 %
Carbon dioxide .039% |
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Term
| how much does CO2 increase each year? |
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Definition
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Term
| at what percentage of oxygen can things spontaneously combust? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fraction of light reflected by a surface |
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Term
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Definition
| statistical weather information that describes the variation of weather at a given place for a specified interval (usually-locality averaged over some period (usually 30 years) plus statistics of weather extremes |
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Term
| structure of the atmosphere general |
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Definition
layers organized by pressure
higher = less pressure
identify different layers by temp. changes |
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Term
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Definition
troposphere
stratosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere |
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Term
| boundaries of the layers of the atmosphere |
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Definition
tropopause
stratopause
mesopause |
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Term
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Definition
weight of molecule
1 newton m-2 |
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Term
| who discovered the greenhouse effect |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the day to day state of the atmosphere and its short-term variation (minutes to weeks) |
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Term
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Definition
| CO2, Ne, He, Methane, Krypton |
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Term
|
Definition
current flowing westward near equator
ex) N/S equatorial currents |
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Term
|
Definition
transfer heat/nutrients
distribute heat
transport nutrients, sediments, organisms |
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Term
|
Definition
eddy
rotates clockwise
found on landward side of current |
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Term
|
Definition
eddy
rotates counterclockwise
forms on ocean side of current |
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Term
| who tracked the rubber duckies that fell off the cargo ship? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
coreolis force
shift to the right 45 degrees |
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Term
|
Definition
| net movement of ekman spiral 90 degrees to the righte |
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Term
| western boundary currents (des) |
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Definition
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Term
| examples of western boundary currents |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| circular movement of water formed along the edge of a permanent current |
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Term
|
Definition
north atlantic
south atlantic
indian ocean
north pacific
south pacific |
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Term
|
Definition
california
canary
somalia
benguela
peru
equatorial |
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Term
| eastern boundary current (des) |
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Definition
slow
wide
cold
to the equator |
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Term
| example of eastern boundary current |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| parcels of water exhibiting a somewhat narrow range of temperature and salinity |
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Term
| density is a function of? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| deep water circulation is high latitudes is? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| depth in the water column where density changes abruptly |
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Term
| the sun heats how many meters of the earths oceans |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| depth in the water column where salinity changes abruptly |
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Term
| what happened 12,700 years ago? |
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Definition
Ice Age = Younger Dyras
Conveyor Belt was disrupted
temperatures in N. Atlantic dropped 5 degrees C |
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Term
| deep water circulation in low latitudes |
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Definition
| strong thermocline = stratified |
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Term
| who coined the term ocean conveyor belt |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| depth in the water column where temperature changes abruptly |
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Term
|
Definition
| the distance traveled by wind or waves across open water |
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Term
|
Definition
moving energy
wind driven
boundaries between/within fluids of different densities |
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Term
|
Definition
waves from:
coastal landslides
calving icebergs (when a chunk of icebergs fall off into the ocean |
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Term
|
Definition
waves from:
tsunami
sea floor movement |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
waves from:
gravitational attraction among moon, sun, and earth |
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Term
|
Definition
| when the water doesn't move |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
H
distance between crest and trough |
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Term
|
Definition
L
distance between crest and crest, or trough and trough |
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Term
|
Definition
T
time it takes for full wavelength to pass a fixed position |
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Term
|
Definition
F
number of waves passing a fixed location per unit of time
F = 1/T |
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Term
|
Definition
push and pull waves
particles: move back and forth
energy transmitted through solid, liquid, gas |
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Term
|
Definition
particles: move up and down (90 degree angles)
energy transmitted by vibration |
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Term
|
Definition
particles: move in around and around
combination of longitudinal and transverse
energy transmitted along interface between two fluids of different density |
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Term
|
Definition
| equal to one half of the wavelength (at still water level) or L/2 |
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Term
|
Definition
the rate at which the wave travels
more correctly known as celerity (nothing is in motion so there is no real speed) |
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Term
|
Definition
occur in water deeper than their wave base
move at speeds controlled by wavelength
water depth: > or = 1/2 L
ex: all wind generated waters |
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Term
|
Definition
exist in water shallower than 1/20 of their wavelength, move at speeds controlled by water depth
long wave
water depth: < or = 1/20 L
deeper the water, the faster shallow water waves move
ex: tsunamis, tides, wind-generated waves that move into shallow near shore areas |
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Term
|
Definition
are in between shallow and deep waves
have characteristics of both
1/20 L < or = t = of < 1/2 L |
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Term
| constructive interference |
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Definition
| wave + wave leads to a dramatic increase in wave height |
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Term
|
Definition
crest and trough (opposites) --> cancel energy
flat sea |
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Term
|
Definition
slow wave + fast wave --> unpredictable patterns
hard to sail in |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
wave energy:
max:
wave height, wave length, and duration
duration of winds at equilibrium conditions |
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Term
|
Definition
uniform symmetrical waves that travel outward from storm area
long crests
transport energy long distances |
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Term
|
Definition
RMS Q Eliz II: 1995, 29 meters, like white cliffs of dover
US Naval Research Lab: 2004, 27.7 m high and 200 m long, Hurricane Ivan |
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Term
| who made a taxonomic classification system for organisms? |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
protista
fungi
plantae
animalia |
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Term
| layers of the water column? |
|
Definition
epipelagic
mesopelagic
bathypelagic
abyssalpelagic
hadalpelagic |
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Term
| how many meters does epipelagic extend? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many meters does mesopelagic extend? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| how many meters does bathypelagic extend? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| how many meters does abyssalpelagic/abyssal extend? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many meters does hadalpelagic/hadal extend? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is contained in the mesopelagic layer? |
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Definition
OML: dissolved oxygen minimum layer
organisms capable of bioluminescence |
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Term
|
Definition
| prokaryotic unicellular organisms |
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Term
| when did bacteria evolve? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| kingdom containing bacteria and archaea |
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Term
| layers of the bottom (benthic) |
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Definition
littoral
sublittoral
bathyal
abyssal
hadal |
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Term
| how many meters does littoral extend? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how many meters does sublittoral extend? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| how many meters does bathyal extend? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many meters does abyssal extend? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
unusual cell membrane/flagella
DNA transcription similar to eukaryotes
look like bacteria act like eukaryotes
anerobes
thrive in extreme conditions
earliest terrestrial life form |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| single or multi-celled eukaryotic organisms, algae or animals |
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Term
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Definition
| any of a group of unicellular, multicellular, or syncytial spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter, including molds, yeast, mushrooms, and toadstools |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the study of the inter-relationships between the physical (abiotic) and biological (biotic) aspects f the environment and how organisms adapt to and alter their environment |
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Term
| when did eukaryotes evolve? |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
monera
protista
fungi
plantae
animalia |
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Term
| characteristic of living things |
|
Definition
capture, store, transmit energy
capable of reproduction
adapt to their environment
change through time |
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Term
| how many species live in the ocean? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| all multicellular animals |
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|
Term
| the deep sea trenches are located in which layer? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
structure of ribosomes
type/linkage of lipids
structure of cell covering
type of RNA polymerase |
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Term
| who found the three branch of the phylogenetic tree? |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| organic matter synthesized from inorganic substances |
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Term
|
Definition
| producing organic matter from carbon dioxide and water using light energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| CO2 + Water + Light --> Organic Matter + Oxygen |
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Term
| most common limiting factors |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
euphotic, disphotic, aphotic zones
photosynthetic active radiation (PAR): 400-700 nanometers
relative light intensity |
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Term
|
Definition
phosphate/dissolved inorganic phosphorus
silicate
carbon: important/abundant
nitrogen (dissolved inorganic nitrogen): nitrate, ammonium, nitrate |
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Term
|
Definition
| phytoplankton C:N:P = 106: 16: 1 |
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Term
|
Definition
Father of Fertilizer Industry
1855 Liebig's law of minimum
trying to increase crop production but applies to marine systems
amount of primary production is limited by one of trace elements (N, P, Fe, Si) |
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Term
| Land/Ocean limiting factor |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Fresh water limiting factor |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
runoff
wastewater treatment
burn biomass (atmosphere)
volcanic sediments |
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Term
|
Definition
organic matter + O2 --> CO2 + NO3 + PO4+ H2O
remineralization, regeneration, degradation
consumes oxygen
produces carbon dioxide
regenerates nutrients |
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Term
|
Definition
| bacteria live on particles and change composition through decomposition (fecal pellets, planktonic tests) |
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Term
| Sverdup model of critical depth |
|
Definition
photosynthesis decrease exponentially with depth due to decrease in light availability
respiration is unaffected by light and remains constant with depth
phytoplankton is mixed by turbulence and experiences different light intensities over times sometimes below compensation point |
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Term
|
Definition
| depth at which photosynthesis of the total water column phytoplankton population equals their total respiration |
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Term
| main controls on primary production |
|
Definition
photosynthetic light
dissolved inorganic nutrients
zooplankton grazing |
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Term
|
Definition
nutrients are abundant due to vertical mixing
limited by sunlight: darkness for winter
partly covered by sea ice
zooplankton: cow
phytoplankton: grass
bump in fall: just enough light and zooplankton pop. decreases |
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Term
|
Definition
phytoplankton peaks in april and fall
zooplankton increases after bloom
nutrients go down after bloom |
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Term
|
Definition
constant no growth
due to lots of light/lack of nutrients
reeds are productive but don't follow this pattern
doesn't follow model |
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Term
|
Definition
idea that phytoplankton grow in surface water, photosynthesize (atmospheric CO2), deposit CO2 into deep ocean if they sink below the thermocline
this regulates global temperature and gets rid of atmospheric pollution that has increased |
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Term
| algal primary productivity controls |
|
Definition
temperature
light (solar angle/water mixing)
major nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, silica
zooplankton grazing
micronutrients: iron |
|
|
Term
| micronutrients in algal primary productivity |
|
Definition
iron makes phytoplankton grow more
minor nutrients: iron, zinc |
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Term
|
Definition
| photosynthesis - respiration |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gas exchange allows CO2 to enter the ocean
flux depends upon sea-air difference
solubility increases in cold water (polar regions are sinks, equatorial sources) |
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Term
|
Definition
class bacillariophyceae (diatoms)
eukaryotes div. chromophyta
important in coastal areas and spring blooms
important in food web
stick together and sink better than any other phytoplankton |
|
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Term
|
Definition
usually marine form of phytoplankton
radial symmetry
microphytobenthos: live on surface of sediment |
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Term
|
Definition
| usually shallow water and freshwater form of phytoplankton |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
single celled
2 flagelae
bioluminescent
harmful algal blooms
6-8 million/L |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when harmful algal blooms |
|
Definition
shading
oxygen depletion (excessive respiration or decomposition)
mechanical irritation (damaging fish gills) |
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|
Term
| Harmful algal species and syndromes |
|
Definition
typically dinoflagellates
make toxin
close to coast (b/e of nitrogen coming from land) |
|
|
Term
| neurotoxic shellfish poisining |
|
Definition
karenia brevis
causes brain damage
toxin produced: bervetoxins |
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|
Term
| amnesic shellfish poisining |
|
Definition
pseudonitzchia sp cynaobacteria
causes amnesia |
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Term
|
Definition
smallest class
photosynthesize
bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
animals that eat plankton
cannot swim against currents
every major phylum of the animal kingdom is rep.
size ranges from micometers to tens of meters |
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Term
|
Definition
heterotroph
types: holoplankton, mesoplankton, iscthyplankton |
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Term
|
Definition
entire life cycle
copepods/gelatinous zooplankton |
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Term
|
Definition
crustaceans, grazers
secondary production (cows) |
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Term
|
Definition
part of life cycle
shrimp
crabs |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who said this: "Give me a tanker of iron and I will give you an ice age" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics harmful algae bloom |
|
Definition
shading: blocking in sunlight
Oxygen depletion (excessive respiration or decomposition)
Mechanical irritation (damaging fish gills) |
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Term
|
Definition
| S= wavelength (L)/wave period (T) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| F (frequency) = 1/T(time) |
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