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Definition
| Techniques and strategies employed for preventing deviant human behavior in any society |
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| penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm |
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| Going along with peers who have no special right to direct behavior |
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| Compliance with higher authorities in an hierarchical structure |
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| Experimenter instructed people to administer increasingly painful electric shocks to a subject (2/3 were declared "obedient subjects") |
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| Used casually to enforce norms |
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| Carried out by authorized agents |
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| Governmental social control; the legal order reflects values of those in a position to exercise authority |
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| Our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to society's norms |
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| Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society |
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| Labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups |
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| Loss of direction felt in society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective |
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| Anomie Theory of Deviance (Functionalist) |
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Definition
| How people adapt in creation ways by conforming to or by deviating from cultural expectations (conformist, innovator, ritualist, retreatist, rebel) |
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| Cultural transmission (Interactionist) |
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Definition
| Humans learn how to behave in social situations, whether properly or improperly |
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| Differential association (Interactionist) |
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Definition
| Process through which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to the violation of rules |
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| Social Disorganization Theory (Interactionist) |
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Definition
| Increases in crime and deviance attributed to absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions (some claim theory seems to "blame the victim") |
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| Labeling Theory (Interactionist) |
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Definition
Attempts to explain why some people are viewed as deviants while others are not;
AKA societal-reaction approach: response to an act, not the behavior, determines deviance |
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| Social Constructionist Perspective (Interactionist) |
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Definition
| Deviance is a product of the culture we live in |
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| Conflict Theory (deviance) |
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Definition
| People with power protect their own interests and define deviance to suit their needs |
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| Differential justice (Conflict) |
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| Differences in way social control is exercised over different groups |
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| Adler and Chesney-Lind argue existing approaches to deviance and crime (ex. death sentence) are developed with men in mind |
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| Violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties |
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| Murder, Burglary, Rape, Robbery, Theft, Assault, Arson |
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| willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services |
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| Professional crime/criminal |
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| many people make a career of illegal activities (person who pursues crime as a day-to-day occupation) |
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| group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprise involved in illegal activities |
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| illegal acts committed in the course of business activities |
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| use of high technology to carry out embezzlement or electronic fraud |
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| any act by a corporation that is punishable by the government |
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| crime that occurs across multiple national borders (international crime spans globe) |
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| Surveys of ordinary people (not cops) to determine whether they have been victims of crime |
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| 42% of US households have some type of firearm; about 50% of US adults favor stricter gun laws |
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