Term
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Definition
-are not learned
-patterned responses |
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Term
| Environmental Theories of Behavior |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| human beings are born as blank slates |
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Term
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Definition
-assigned no role
- human nature is plastic |
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Term
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Definition
| the genetics an organism inherits from parents |
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Term
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Definition
| visible outcome of genes (height, weight, skin, hair) |
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Term
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Definition
| what likeness is measured by |
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Term
| Identical twin separation studies |
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Definition
-behavior traits are genetically inherited
- |
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Term
| Monozygotic vs. Dyzygotic |
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Definition
-they share an egg/DNA/identical
-two eggs/fraternal |
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Term
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Definition
-a professor of psychiatry
-studied heritability of alcoholism |
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Term
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Definition
| -adoptees with an alcoholic biological parent had a 50% rate of alcoholism |
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Term
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Definition
| -anthropometrics correlates human height and weight |
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Term
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Definition
| genes vs. social environment |
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Term
| National center on Health statistics |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lack of nutrition, poor sanitation, and disease can shorten human growth |
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Term
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Definition
| 20th century experienced huge gains in life expectancy |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical messengers that regulate organs and body functions |
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Term
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Definition
| boost production of testosterone |
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Term
| CDC study of enlisted soldiers |
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Definition
-randomly selected enlisted men in Vietnam
-life histories were collected & measure of testosterone level
-higher level of testosterone is associated with: divorce, abusive, extramarital sex, drugs, alcohol, unemployment |
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Term
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Definition
| did field studies with chimpanzees and found that they use tools, teach tool use, and commit acts of violence |
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Term
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Definition
-rare
-result of extreme neglect, abuse |
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Term
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Definition
| learning & development, humans acquire values, technical & cultural skills & behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| researcher at the primate laboratory at UW |
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Term
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Definition
| dominated social scientific accounts of socialization |
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Term
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Definition
-first comprehensive scientific assault S-R theory
-learning is more than copying & repetition
-human mind develops in stages |
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Term
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Definition
| four stages: 1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational |
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Term
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Definition
-begins at birth & lasts till age 2
-only know world through their senses |
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Term
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Definition
-age 2-7
-devoted to language & acquisition |
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Term
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Definition
-age 7-12
-develop logical principles |
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Term
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Definition
-begins at age 12
-learn to think abstractly |
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Term
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Definition
| discovered 3 properties of the language instinct |
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Term
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Definition
-when people of different language families are put together & they develop a simple form of speech
-a pidgin language that can evolve into a language with grammatical rules |
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Term
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Definition
| discovered the invention of a Creole |
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Term
| Agencies of socialization |
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Definition
| 1. the family 2. the school 3. the peer group 4. mass media |
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Term
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Definition
-our behavior
-some forms are harmful some aren't |
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Term
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Definition
| Their definition of crime is: acts of force or fraud undertaken in the pursuit of self-interest |
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Term
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Definition
| robbery, burglary, homicide |
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Term
| US burglary rate vs. Nordic countries |
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Definition
-australia has the highest rate
-is slightly higher in the US than Canada |
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Term
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Definition
| offenders commit a wide variety of criminal acts |
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Term
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Definition
| gathered data on prison & jail inmates to develop a biological theory of criminal deviance |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by the body in response to fear or anxiety |
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Term
| Walter Grove & sociobiology of crime |
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Definition
| argues that variation in crime by age and gender are suggestive of biological causes |
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Term
| Steve Levitt & abortion-crime link |
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Definition
| used abortion data to predict the decline in crime rates observed in the 1990s |
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Term
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Definition
| advanced a social learning model of criminal aggression |
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Term
| Differential Association theory of crime |
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Definition
| the propensity to commit deviance is predictable by exposure to and interaction with criminal tutors |
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Term
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Definition
| view criminal deviance as a normal response to the conditions that limit the opportunities for some individuals to obtain the economic success for which we are all supposed to strive |
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Term
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Definition
| -thought of the structural strain theory of deviance |
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Term
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Definition
-accepted by institutionalized means
-accepted by cultural goals |
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Term
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Definition
-accepted by institutionalized means
-rejected by cultural goals |
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Term
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Definition
-rejected by institutionalized means
-accepted by cultural goals |
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Term
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Definition
-rejected by institutionalized means
-rejected by cultural goals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Social Disorganization Theory |
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Definition
| loss of neighborhood effectiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| the shared power of a group to coordinate social outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
-commuter zones
-crime rates decrease when they move through this |
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Term
| Social Control Theory of crime |
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Definition
-why don't people commit crimes
-1. attachment to others 2. investment in conventional lines of action 3. involvement in conventional activities 4. belief in the moral order & law |
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Term
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Definition
| involves the unwillingness or inability to defer gratification |
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Term
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Definition
| children were tested at 18 & comparisons were made between "impulsive children" & "impulse controlling children" |
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Term
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Definition
| Stark notes that crime rates have a seasonal quality |
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Term
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Definition
| -drugs play a role in crime rates |
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Term
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Definition
| highly addictive stimulant |
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Term
| cocaine, marijuana, & heroine |
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Definition
| 75% of drug users use marijuana |
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Term
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Definition
| principle of dependence, visibility, extensiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| prevention, deterrence, reform |
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Term
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Definition
| researched informal control |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| prevent crime by hardening of targets |
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Term
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Definition
| logic of analysis- blood relatives more alike than two unrelated random people |
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Term
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Definition
| stratification is caused by unequal distribution of property, prestige, and power |
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Term
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Definition
| stratification system where social position depends on persons ability and effort |
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Term
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Definition
| upward & downward mobility |
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Term
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Definition
| people must be motivated by greater rewards to fill important roles |
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