Term
| define membrane potential |
|
Definition
| potential difference and voltage that exists between 2 sides of a cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| what is the resting membrane potential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
separation of opposite charges
resting membrane potential= -70 mVs
channel=closed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
membrane potential is reduced, inside cell is more positive
= -60 mVs
channel=open
excitatory(stimulation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
membrane potential increased, back to resting membrane potential= -70 mVs
channel=closed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
membrane potential increased, inside cell becomes more negative than rmp
inhibitory
= -90 mVs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. short lived changes
2. only in excitable cells
3. nondecremental= long distance communication
4. spread by local current flow
5. brief, rapid reversals of membrane potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. short lived changes
2. spread by local current flow
3. localized changes in membrane potential
4. in excitatory and inhibitory cells
5. decremental= short distance communication |
|
|
Term
| what 2 things do graded pot and action pot have in common? |
|
Definition
1. short lived changes
2. spread by local current flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receive messages from other neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell body- contains the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forms myelin sheath around the axon, does not touch |
|
|
Term
| define collateral branching-5 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carries message away from the cell body, conducts action potentials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| determines if the message is sent or not, determines membrane potential |
|
|
Term
| define nodes of ranvier-7 |
|
Definition
| non-myelinated gaps between the myelin sheath on the axon, produce action potentials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sends messages to other neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synaptic knob, found at the end of telodendria |
|
|
Term
| state the All-or-None Law |
|
Definition
| a neuron either generates an action potential when threshold is reached(-55 mVs) or it does not and the message dies |
|
|
Term
| explain saltatory conduction |
|
Definition
| saltario= leap, it is the rapid passing(leaping) of AP from one node of ranvier to another in myelinated axons |
|
|
Term
| what 2 factors influence the rate of conduction? |
|
Definition
1. increased diameter of the axon- reduces the resistance to the spread of charges
2. myelination- myelin sheath results in saltatory conduction of action potentials |
|
|
Term
| what factors would make the fastest speed of conduction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define multiple sclerosis |
|
Definition
| a slow conduction caused by deterioration of the myelin sheath |
|
|
Term
| 6 events of neural synapse |
|
Definition
1. ACTION POTENTIAL ARRIVES
2. NA+ ENTERS= depolarization
3. voltage gated CALCIUM channels OPEN and Ca++ enters
4. NEUROTRANSMITTER IS RELEASED from the terminal- EXOCYTOSIS
5. NT BIND TO RECEPTORS in the post-synaptic membrane
6. CHEMICALLY GATED ION CHANNELS are activated |
|
|
Term
| how does the signal change at a synapse? |
|
Definition
| from presynaptic ELECTRICAL to synaptic cleft CHEMICAL to postsynaptic ELECTRICAL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
GRADED excitatory postsynaptic potentials makes cell more positive
synapse is always the same |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
GRADED inhibitory postsynaptic potentials makes cell more negative
synapse is always the same |
|
|
Term
| give the grand postsynaptic potential |
|
Definition
EPSP + IPSP= GPSP
synapse is always the same |
|
|
Term
| define temporal summation |
|
Definition
1. summation over time
2. time oriented- tetanus= full out concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. summation over space
2. adds neuron activation over space= more doing |
|
|
Term
| name the 3 classes of neurons- where and what they do |
|
Definition
1. afferent(sensory) neurons in PNS conduct impulses from receptors into CNS
2. efferent(motor) neurons in PNS conduct impulses out of CNS to effector organs(muscles, glands)
3. interneurons(association neurons) in CNS serve integrative functions of nervous system |
|
|
Term
| name the two types of motor neurons |
|
Definition
1. somatic- reflex and voluntary control of skeletal muscles
2. autonomic- send axons to involuntary effectors(smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands)
autonomic= automatic |
|
|
Term
| list the 5 steps of the normal neuron pathway |
|
Definition
1. receptor detects stimuli
2. afferent neuron
3. interneuron
4. efferent neuron
5. effector |
|
|
Term
| describe the 2 ACh neurotransmitter receptors |
|
Definition
1. muscarinic- g-protein operated channel, binds ACh in cardiac and smooth muscle, 1 ACh receptor
2. Nicotinic- ligand operated channel, binds ACh in brain in postsynaptic plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| what is AChE and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| a receptor protein enzyme that inactivates ACh |
|
|
Term
| describe the 3 types of monoamines |
|
Definition
1. epinephrine/norepinephrine- fight or flight
2. dopamine- motor function
3. serotonin- mood and behavior |
|
|
Term
| name the six neuroglial cells and give their functions |
|
Definition
PNS
1. schwann cells- form myelin sheaths around axons in PNS
2. satellite cells- support neuron bodies within the ganglia
CNS
1. oligodendrocytes- form myelin sheaths around axons in CNS
2. microglia- phagocytose foreign and degenerated material
3. astrocytes- regulate external environment of CNS neurons
4. ependymal cells- line ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| what 2 things involving intra and extracellular ions determine the level of membrane potential in a cell at rest? |
|
Definition
1. concentration
2. relative permeability |
|
|
Term
| name the 2 intracellular and extracellular ions and give the relative permeability |
|
Definition
INTRAcellular
1. anions- 0
2. potassium- 50-70x
EXTRAcellular
1. sodium- 1x
2. chloride |
|
|
Term
| describe the Na+/K+ potassium pump |
|
Definition
exist only in unmyelinated regions, move ions back to original conditions
1 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in |
|
|
Term
| organization of the nervous system |
|
Definition
PNS: afferent(sensory) division
CNS: Brain and Spinal cord
PNS: efferent(motor) division(2)
1. autonomic efferent division- sympathetic and parasympathetic
2. somatic efferent division- muscle motor |
|
|
Term
| brain protection: describe the 5 characteristics |
|
Definition
1. glia- take care of neurons
2. skull-
3. meninges- 3 types of membrane mater
4. CSF(circulatory system)- cushion against trauma, circulation, buyancy
5. Blood brain barrier- protection, tight junctions which allow O2, CO2 and hormones in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brain has the capability of remodeling- can make new neural pathways |
|
|
Term
| define the 3 types of meninges |
|
Definition
1. dura mater- two fused layers, forms the dural blood sinus to drain CSF, very tough
2. arachnoid mater- has little fibers that circulate CSF in the subarachnoid space, brings old CSF into blood stream
3. pia mater- directly on the surface of the brain, has small blood vessels, continually produces CSF |
|
|
Term
| what percent of cardiac output does the brain recieve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 lobes of the cerebrum and their function |
|
Definition
1. occipital- sight and memory visualization
2. temporal- auditory and some memory
3. parietal- somatosthetic= feeling and sensation
4. frontal- reading, writing, arithmetic
5. insula- long term memory and some taste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
motor speech
gives mouth ability to form words
found in frontal lobe
comprehension of speech is unimpaired!!! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
understanding speech
gives language comprehension
found in parietal lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. diagnostic tool for cerebral disfunctions
2. distinguish different stages of sleep
3. illegal tool to detect if brain dead |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found in frontal lobe
also known as motor cortex
map of motor areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found in parietal lobe
also known as sensory cortex
map of body regions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relay station of all sensory inputs EXCEPT smell |
|
|
Term
| what 2 systems is the hypothalamus a tie between? |
|
Definition
| autonomic nervous system and endocrine system |
|
|
Term
| list the 7 basic functions of the hypothalamus |
|
Definition
1. body temp- 98.6
2. thirst and urine output
3. controls food intake
4. controls interior pituitary hormone secretion
5. produces ADH and oxytocin
6. INDIRECT control of cardiac output
7. plays a role in emotional/behavioral patterns |
|
|
Term
| 5 basic characteristics of the limbic system |
|
Definition
1. found in the brain
2. made up of many structures that surround the brain stem
3. connected by neuronal pathways
4. center for basic emotional drives
5. gives us little conscious control over emotions due to few synaptic connections with cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acquiring information through experience and/or instruction |
|
|
Term
| describe short term memory |
|
Definition
seconds-minutes
limited capacity for storage
can be retrieved the fastest
no permanent structural change |
|
|
Term
| describe long term memory |
|
Definition
from short term into permanent storage
storage is unlimited
slower retrieval
permanent structural change |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the pons? |
|
Definition
respiratory control
associates with specific cranial nerves- trigeminal(V), abducens(VI), facial(VII), vestibulocochlear(VIII) |
|
|
Term
| name the 3 basic functions of the cerebellum |
|
Definition
1. receives input from proprioreceptors- joint, tendon, muscle receptors
2. motor learning
3. coordination of complex motor skills |
|
|
Term
| name 5 basic functions of brain stem |
|
Definition
1. respiratory control
2. coordination of movement
3. motor control
4. sensory control
5. cardiovascular control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rapid Eye Movement
you can easily wake yourself
most important type of sleep
paradoxical sleep
no muscle tone- no movement
lots of dreaming
20% of sleep spent here
irregular heart and respiratory rates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Non-REM, resting sleep
easily woken with external stimuli
slow wave sleep
muscle tone present- movement
no dreaming
80% of sleep spent here
minor reductions in heart and respiratory rates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define reticular activating system |
|
Definition
distinguishes different levels of awareness
the __ __ carries projections up fibers
the more projections up, the more __ you are and the less up, the more __ |
|
|
Term
| basic characteristics of the cerebrum |
|
Definition
contributes to balance maintenance
enhances muscle tone
allows for skilled, voluntary movements
you can live if its damaged but your movements will be like a drunken sailor |
|
|
Term
| name/describe the function of nerves I,II,III,V,VIII,X |
|
Definition
I. olfactory- smell
II. optic- vision
III. oculomotor- eye movement
V. trigeminal- jaw movement, tooth roots, aka dentist nerve
VIII. vestibulocochlear- balance and hearing, semi-circular canals
X. vagus- controls heart rate/visceral functions and sensations, from neck to trunk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| afferent, brings sensory information to CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| efferent, takes motor information out of CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unconscious motor response to a sensory stimulus |
|
|
Term
| define the 2 types of reflexes |
|
Definition
1. simple- blinking, built in
2. acquired- saliva production after smelling food, learned because of information received earlier |
|
|
Term
| list the 5 components of a reflex arc |
|
Definition
1. receptor
2. afferent pathway
3. integrating center
4. efferent pathway
5. effector |
|
|
Term
| define receptor adaptation |
|
Definition
| receptor response declining after an initial period of rapid response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adapt slowly or not at all
ex. muscle stretch, blood pressure, pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adapt rapidly to a constant stimulus
ex. when you put on a new watch and can feel it on your wrist but forget it's there after a while |
|
|
Term
| explain the phrase- we are hardwired |
|
Definition
| nerves do the same job even when they are connected somewhere else |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amputee feels pain in a non-existent foot |
|
|
Term
| which is not a basic autonomic effector organ? |
|
Definition
| skeletal muscle- it is somatic= voluntary control |
|
|
Term
| what are the basic autonomic effector organs? |
|
Definition
smooth and cardiac muscle
exocrine and endocrine glands |
|
|
Term
| define parasympathetic stimulation |
|
Definition
in the craniosacral division
works to maintain homeostasis |
|
|
Term
| define sympathetic stimulation |
|
Definition
| in the thorocolumbar division is activated in fight or flight situations |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of the adrenal gland in the sympathetic division? |
|
Definition
adrenal medulla
25-50% of sympathetic stimulation (adrenaline) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
organ. sympathetic change. parasym change.
1. heart rate. increase. decrease.
2. respiration rate. increase. decrease.
3. energy mobilization. increase. decrease.
4. eye pupils. increase diameter(more light in). normal
5. energy deposition. decrease. increase.
6. digestion rate. decrease. increase.
7. urinary filtration. decrease. increase. |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 regions of CNS control over autonomic activities? |
|
Definition
1. autonomic reflexes- birth->urination
2. medulla- most direct control
3. hypothalamus- integrates between nerves and emotions
4. limbic system- basic emotional drives
5. prefrontal association- personality->blushing |
|
|
Term
| list the 3 types of dual innervation |
|
Definition
1. antagonistic- work together with opposite effects- symp/parasymp
2. complimentary effects- have the same effects- salivary glands
3. cooperative effects- work together to get the desired effect- sym/adrenal gland |
|
|
Term
| name 3 types of cholinergic fibers |
|
Definition
1. symp and parasymp pre-ganglionic
2. parasympathetic post-ganglionic
3. some sympathetic post-ganglionic like blood-vessels in skeletal muscles and sweat glands |
|
|
Term
| name the type of adrenergic fiber |
|
Definition
| sympathetic post-ganglionic |
|
|
Term
| where muscarinic receptors are located and types |
|
Definition
at the end of parasympathetic post synaptic post-ganglionic nuerons
ACh |
|
|
Term
| where nicotinic receptors are located and types |
|
Definition
in terminal ganglion and sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons
alpha- excitatory
beta 1- heart and kidneys, excitatory
beta 2- inhibitory
blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| define unconscious afferent input |
|
Definition
the brain knows but you don't
ex. blood pressure, heart rate |
|
|
Term
| define conscious afferent input |
|
Definition
you know what is going on
ex. receptors- pain, stretch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a conscious interpretation of the external world as created by the brain from a pattern of nerve impulses |
|
|
Term
| why does perception not always equal reality? |
|
Definition
1. limited number of receptors for existing energy forms- no magnetic rec
2. limited range of receptor identification- visible light, audible sound(dog whistle)
3. cerebral cortex manipulates data- optical illusions |
|
|
Term
| list and define the 5 basic types of receptors |
|
Definition
1. thermo- heat
2. photo- light
3. mechano- pick up vibrations, light and sound
4. chemo- chemical
5. noci- pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a receptor responds to the stimulus it is supposed to- normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "see stars" when hit on head- photoreceptors respond to pressure not light |
|
|
Term
| define receptor field size |
|
Definition
| the more receptors you have in a region, the smaller the field size per receptor, the greater discrimination in the region |
|
|
Term
| where and why would receptor density be the highest? |
|
Definition
| fingertips- your fingers are essential to detecting many different stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
600+,100x longer,20x diameter,30x faster
voluntary
striated(light and dark)
multinucleated
long/thick cylindrical fibers that contract/relax relatively quickly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
digestion
hollow tubes/organ walls
involuntary
non-striated(light pink)
one nucleus/cell
short/thin spindle shaped fibers contract/relax slowly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
involuntary
striated
1-2 nuclei/cell
branched fibers connected by intercolated discs |
|
|
Term
| list the 8 components of muscle fiber from smallest to largest |
|
Definition
1. actin
2. myosin
3. sarcomere
4. myofibril
5. sarcolemma
6. muscle fiber
7. muscle
8. connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contractile protein
golf club with 2 specialized binding sites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
regulatory protein
thin, hinge where Ca++ binds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contractile protein
thin, pearl with a specialized binding site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
regulatory protein
thin, threadlike molecule |
|
|
Term
| how does a muscle contraction begin? |
|
Definition
| when Ca++ binds to troponin, moving the tropomyosin from the myosin binding sites on actin, allowing actin and myosin to bind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates- size varies |
|
|
Term
| define spatial summation(recruitment) of motor unit |
|
Definition
| recruiting more motor units to add more contraction strength |
|
|
Term
| define temporal summation |
|
Definition
increasing the frequency of stimulation to add more contraction strength
t=time, t=tetanus, t=temporal |
|
|
Term
| what 3 steps in a muscle contraction require atp? |
|
Definition
1. activation of a cross bridge
2. breaking of actin/myosin attachment
3. makes Ca++ ions work and moves them back to s.r. |
|
|
Term
| in what order does the muscle use the limited amount of storage of atp? |
|
Definition
available atp
creatine phosphate
glycolysis
oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| effects of aerobic exercise to 5 different situations |
|
Definition
1. size of mitochondria- increase
2. atp production from etc- increase
3. myoglobin content- increase
4. number of circulatory pathways- increase
5. lactic acid production- DECREASE because its anaerobic |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in muscle cells when they are not used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| list the 3 muscle fibers, their area of highest concentration and type |
|
Definition
1. white-fast-twitch, arms, glycolytic
2. red-fast-twitch, legs, intermediate
3. red-slow-twitch, lower back, oxidative |
|
|
Term
| finish the phrase: all muscle fibers are not created equal!.. |
|
Definition
| athletes are born, not made |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of smooth muscle |
|
Definition
no sarcomere units
no troponin
no tropomyosin |
|
|
Term
| Ca ion in relation to smooth muscle |
|
Definition
| causes a chemical reaction(no physical change) that causes phosphorylation of myosin so it can bind to actin and work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
neurogenic- nerve produced
functions like skeletal muscle but innervated by autonomic neurons |
|
|
Term
| single-unit smooth muscle |
|
Definition
myogenic- nerve independent
functional syncytium- cells which work as one unit mechanically and electrically(gap junctions) |
|
|
Term
| why does the left ventricle side of the heart have a thicker myocardium? |
|
Definition
| it must be strong enough to pump blood through the entire body- systemic circiut= high pressure system |
|
|
Term
| how much more blood does the systemic system cycle through than the pulmonary system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define functional syncytium in the heart |
|
Definition
| the left atria and right atria work together while the left ventricle and left atrium work together |
|
|
Term
| define the fibrous skeleton |
|
Definition
| blocks electrical signals and allows the heart to pump as two areas of functional syncytium |
|
|
Term
| name characteristics of the right side of the heart |
|
Definition
receives and pumps blood low in oxygen
sends blood to pulmonary artery
circulates as a low pressure system- only to lungs
pumps blood from body to the lungs
receives blood from vena cava |
|
|
Term
| what is the myocardium made up of? |
|
Definition
99% contractile tissue
1% pacemaker cells |
|
|
Term
| name characteristics of the fibrous skeleton |
|
Definition
anchors the myocardium
foundation for heart valves
does not conduct electricity
divides atrial and ventricular tissue |
|
|
Term
| put the 8 locations in order of a drop of blood traveling |
|
Definition
1. left heart
2. aorta
3. body systems
4. vena cava
5. right heart
6. pulmonary artery
7. lungs
8. pulmonary veins |
|
|
Term
| name the 4 pacemaker cells, their rate of firing, and location |
|
Definition
1. bundle of his, 15-40x, in interventricular septum
2. sinoatrial node, 70-80x, at the top of the left atrium
3. purkinje fibers, 15-40x, in the ventricular myocardium
4. atrioventricular node, 40-60x, just left of the interatrial septum |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 pacemaker cells that do not provide enough cardiac output to keep you alive? |
|
Definition
bundle of his
purkinje fibers |
|
|
Term
| what pacemaker cell is in control in a normal healthy heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does there have to be an av nodal delay? |
|
Definition
| it gives the chambers enough time to empty into the ventricles- .1 to .2 seconds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the purkinje fibers fire too quickly and it overrides the av node |
|
|
Term
| why is tetanus possible in pacemaker cells? |
|
Definition
the refractory period forces a rest before another action potential
your heart would stop |
|
|
Term
| what causes the plateau in action potentials in contractile cardiac tissue? |
|
Definition
| the slow Ca++ voltage gated channels open/ influx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the term for the events in one complete heartbeat
systole is ventricular contraction(emptying), diastole is ventricular relaxation(filling) |
|
|
Term
| describe the sequence of events in the cardiac cycle and the filling percentages |
|
Definition
atria-diastole, systole, diastole
ventricles-diastole, diastole, systole
80%, 20%, emptying but not completely |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heart beats too fast- short tp interval |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heart beats too slow- long tp interval |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a turbulent flow detected at an abnormal time in the cardiac cycle |
|
|
Term
| define all parts of the ekg |
|
Definition
1. p wave- atrial depolarization
2. pr interval- av nodal delay
3. qrs complex- ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
4. st segment- ventricles contracting and emptying
5. t wave- ventricular repolarization
6. tp interval- ventricles relaxing and filling |
|
|
