Term
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Definition
| rock-weather down-transport sediment-deposit-lithify-sedimentary rock |
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Term
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Definition
| physically breaking down rock, produces smaller pieces, and rocks and mineral fragments(clasts) |
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Term
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Definition
| rain, streams, wind, thermal stress(expanding and contracting), glaciers, gravity, freeze-thaw cycles |
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Definition
| involves chemical weathering ex: K-feldspar added to kaolinite clay breaks the rock down |
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Term
| Rock changes as they transport further |
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Definition
| reduction in grain size, increase in sorting, increase in rounding, fine particles travel farther down stream |
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Term
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Definition
| continental(valley,edge of glacier,stream, lake, desert), transitional(delta, beach, tidal flats), marine(shallow continental shelf, deep ocean) |
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Term
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Definition
| rocks that form from clasts or rock fragments getting pressed together |
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| chemical sedimentary rocks |
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Definition
| usually form at or near their place of deposition usually from seawater |
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Term
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Definition
| form at or near their place of deposition but are the result of mineral precipitation within organisms as they grow. ex: shells or corals |
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Definition
| bedded material deposited by wind or water at angles usually on steep downslopes |
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Term
| mud forms____, sand forms_____, gravel forms _____ |
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Definition
| shale, sandstone, conglomerate |
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Term
| carbonate sedimentary rocks |
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Definition
| ex: limestone form in marine environments w/ calcium carbonate(shells). lights helps to foster the growth of carbonate deposits |
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Term
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Definition
| forms in river or continental environments where pebbles are gravel are deposited |
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Term
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Definition
| forms in transitional environments where finer particles settle out once the current slows and cannot suspend sediments anymore |
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Term
| siltstone, shale, mudstone |
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Definition
| usually forms in marine environments or on the edges of the transitional environments where the current ceases to suspend even the finest particles |
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Term
| metamorphic processes that change rocks |
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Definition
| solid state changes that result in rearrangements of atoms (heat, pressure, fluid activity) |
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Term
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Definition
| comes from the mantle and the core(leftover heat from the formation of earth) and from radioactive decay |
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Term
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Definition
| for every km of depth the temperature increases 25-30 deg C |
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Term
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Definition
| equal pressure in all directions from layers of rock |
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Term
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Definition
| unequal pressure coming more from one direction that from others ex: tectonic pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| speeds up metamorphic process, can help atoms throughout the lattice framework of a rock easier to cause rearrangement and metamorphism happen easier |
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Term
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Definition
| not a process but a major factor in the metamorphism of rocks |
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Term
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Definition
| comes from a magma pluton metamorphosing the surrounding country rock, may come from hot water convection current |
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Term
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Definition
| a large area subjected to higher than normal heat/pressure. Usually involves tectonic activity and differential pressure. produces foliated rocks. most common form of metamorphism |
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Term
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Definition
| low grade-muscovite, medium grade-biotite,garnet, high grade-partial melt |
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Term
| principles of correlation |
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Definition
| sedimentary layers usually start out horizontally, younger layers always overlie older layers, cross-cutting layers are younger than the affected layers, inclusions are always older than the enclosing rock body |
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Term
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Definition
| we can date things in relation to each other but not an exact age. use the principles of correlation |
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Term
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Definition
| finding the exact numerical age of a rock or fossil by using isotopic dating which uses naturally occurring radioactive elements |
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Term
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Definition
| time required for half of the original atom to decay into the daughter(other type)of atom. doesn't change with temperature, pressure, chemistry or anything else, complications-lose isotopes through weathering or fluids, or metamorphism can reset isotopic composition to younger age |
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Term
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Definition
| earth's surface formed in a great cataclysim. sudden violent events, unknowable cause by events not now operating |
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Term
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Definition
| earth's surface is a product of processes still happening today. processes in the past were the same as today, observed rates of change are slow so earth must be very old |
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Term
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Definition
| uniformity of processes but rates of processes have varied with time. linear history, consequences of long geologic time periods-slow processes have large effect, rare catastrophic events will occur, earth is affected by gradual and catastrophic processes, all changes are a result of natural processes |
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Term
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Definition
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| geologic time is so long that even rare events have occurred repeatedly |
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Definition
| the compass direction that a rock layer points |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of tilt that the rock layer has from horizontal |
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Definition
| movement of the blocks up or down |
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Definition
| the movement of the blocks occurs horizontally |
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Term
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Definition
| a dip-slip fault that occurs from tensional forces that pull rocks apart |
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Term
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Definition
| dip-slip fault that occurs from compressive forces that push rocks together |
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Term
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Definition
| the body on the left moves down |
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Term
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Definition
| the body on the right moves down |
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Term
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Definition
| the arches or peaks that occur |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when the folds are not perpendicular to the ground |
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Term
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Definition
| when the folds are tilted beyond vertical |
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Term
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Definition
| brittle crusts pull apart and create valleys or depressions like the Rhine River Valley or the Red Sea rift |
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Term
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Definition
| plates colliding that either produce megafaults(huge earthquakes or tidal waves), or large mountain ranges like the Himalaya |
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Term
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Definition
| bodies move past each other horizontally, not much internal damage to rocks, San Andreas Fault |
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Term
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Definition
| mixture of different kinds of hydrocarbons (hydrogen and carbon) |
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Term
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Definition
| dead marine algae and plankton sinks to bottom, buried, organic rich rock (black shale) pressure and heat (oil-90-160C) forms oil. usually for oil 4-6 km and gas up to 9 km |
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Term
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Definition
| need a source rock(organic rich shale), reservoir (rock layer that is permeable with space between pores so that fluid can flow through ex: sandstone), trap (tight impermeable rock layer so oil can accumulate) |
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Term
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Definition
| usually accumulates in the anticlines, use seismic exploration to find discontinuity |
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Term
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Definition
| definite supplies, we found them, know they exist |
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Term
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Definition
| projected supplies, we hope they are there |
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Term
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Definition
| rate of oil production will peak and then decline in a symmetrical bell shaped curve developed by Hubbard |
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Term
| problems with breaking with oil |
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Definition
| cheap easy form of energy, most concentrated form of energy we have in abundance and easy access to |
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Term
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Definition
| tied to supplies, as supplies get tighter, prices becomes more volatile and in general prices go up |
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Term
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Definition
| 50% of US electricity, cheap and it is very abundant main problem is the environmental impact of coal |
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Term
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Definition
| forms from dead plant life (twigs,leaves, etc) in a marshy environment. the higher the temps for formation, the higher the carbon content of coal |
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Term
| mining techniques for coal |
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Definition
| open pit mining- large open holes, coal is removed and then rocks are replaced. contour mining- go around the mountain and strip the coal from the sides of a landscape. mountain top removal- the top of a mountain is removed and put in a valley to get at the coal within the mountain |
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Term
| negative impacts of coal on the environment |
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Definition
| contributor of CO2, acid rain, mercury contamination, and metal contamination. large amounts of ash and sulfer |
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Term
| alternative energy resources |
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Definition
positives: less of an environmental impact, more sustainable no shortage
negatives: expensive to develop, oil is profitable and quashes other energy sources, disposal and safety (nuclear) |
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