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| A subdivision of geologic period |
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| The movement of continental alnd masses on top of a partially molten layer of the earth's mantel that has altered the relative location of the continents over time |
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| The first epoch of the Cenozoic era, dating between 65.5 to 55.8 MYA; primate-like mammals appeared during the Paleocene |
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| The bony ring that separates the eye orbit from the back of the skull in primates |
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| A species of primate-like mammal that had some derived primate traits, such as a grasping foot and an opposable big toe. This species is intermediate in many respects between primitive primate-like mammals and true primates |
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| The second epoch of the Cenozoic era, dating betwen 55.8 to 33.9 MYA. The first true primates, primitive prosimians, appeared during the Eocene |
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| The third epoch of the Cenozoic era, dating between 33.9 to 23.0 MYA. Anthropoids underwent an adaptive radiation during the Oligocene. |
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| The fourth epoch of the Cenozoic era, dating between 23.0 to 5.3 MYA. Several adaptive radiations of hominoids occurred during the Miocene, and the oldest known possible hominins appeared during the Late Miocene |
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| The combined land masses of Europe and Asia |
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| Referring to the part of the skeleton below the skull |
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| A genus of fossil hominoid that lived in Africa between 21 and 14 MYA that shows a number of monkey characteristics |
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| A gap next to the canine tooth that allows space fo the canine on the opposing jaw |
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| A genus of fossil ape that lived in Asia between 14 and 7 MYA, possibly an ancestor to modern orangutan |
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| A genus of fossil ape that lived in Spain in the Middle Miocene that might be an ancestor of all great apes and humans, or an ancestor of just African apes and humans |
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| A genus of fossil ape that lived in Hungary and Spain during the Middle and Late Miocene that might be an ancestor of African apes and humans |
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| A genus of fossil ape that lived in Greece during the Late Miocene that might be an ancestory of African apes and humans |
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| The application of methods of genetic analysis to estimate the sequence and timing of divergent evolutionary lines |
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| The size of the geographic area that is normally occupied and used by a social group |
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| The study of behavior that focuses on the adaptive value of behavior from an ecological and evolutionary perspective |
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| A behavior that has been favored by natural selection and that increases an individual's fitness |
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| The study of how characteristics of an organisms life cycle affects reproduction, focusing on trade-offs between energy expended for numbers and fitness of offspring |
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| Parental behaviors that increase the probability that offspring will survive |
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| An exclusive sexual bond between an adult male and an adult female for a long period of time |
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| A sexual bond between an adult male and an adult female in which either individual may have more than one mate at the same time |
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| An individual that cares for an infant but is not a biological parent |
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| One-male/one-female group |
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| A social structure in which the primary social group consists of a single adult male, a single adult female, and their immature offspring |
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| One-male/multifemale group |
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| A social structure in which the primary social group consists of a single adult male, several adult feamles, and their immature offspring |
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| One-female/mutlimale group |
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| A social structure in which the primary social group consists of a single adult female, several adult males, and their immature offspring |
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| Multimale/multifemale group |
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| The most common type of social group, in non-human primates, consisting of several adult males, several adult females, and their immature offspring |
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| Friendly behaviors that promote social bonds |
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| Unfiendly social relationships |
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| The handling and cleaning of another individual's fur. In primates, grooming serves as a form of communication and provides reassurance. |
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| The concept that altruistic behavior can be selected for if it increases the probability of survival of close relatives |
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| The concept that altruistic behaviors will be directed toward nonkin if they increase the probability that the recipient will reciprocate at some future time |
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| The ranking system within a society that indicates which individuals are dominant in social behaviors |
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| The average difference in body size between adult males and adult females |
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| A home range that is actively defended |
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| An environment consisting of open grasslands in which food resources tend to be spread out over large areas |
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| A method of movement that uses the arms to swing from branch to brach |
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| A form of movement used by gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos that is characterized by all four limbs touching the ground, with the weight of the arms resting on the knuckles of the hands |
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| A primate society in which the population splits into smaller subgroups at tmies (fission) and then later reunites (fusion). The process is affected by teh distribution of food resources. |
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