On average, about _______________ of college students experience sleep paralysis, accompanied by feelings of anxiety or terror, feeling vibrations, or hearing humming noises.

show that on average, college students only sleep about __________ hours per night, accumulating a 3-hour per night sleep deficit.

Sleep deprivation can lead to

poor learning in school.

Hypnagogic imagery refers to

the dream-like images of stage 1 sleep.

The most important sleep stage, so you wake up feeling rested the next day, includes

stages 3 and 4.

The most important sleep stage, from another perspective seems to be

stage 5 (REM)—when animals or people are sleep-deprived they get into REM sleep more quickly and spend more time in REM sleep than they would otherwise.

Many dreams have negative and aggressive themes, so researchers train people to control dream content during times that they are aware of dreaming. This awareness of dreaming is called

lucid dreaming

Milana recently traveled to a wedding 7 time zones from her home, and when she got back her boyfriend broke up with her. She is now having trouble sleeping. Because you are her good friend you advise her to

get up and sit in a chair and read a novel until she really can’t stay awake any more.

REM dreams differ from non-REM dreams in that non-REM dreams

are more thought-like and repetitive.

Jose’s wife complains that his snoring and frequent turning over in his sleep are keeping her awake at night. Yet Jose insists that he sleeps well, despite often feeling tired in the morning. Jose probably suffers from

Jose’s wife complains that his snoring and frequent turning over in his sleep are keeping her awake at night. Yet Jose insists that he sleeps well, despite often feeling tired in the morning. Jose probably suffers from

According to Freud, dreams have two aspects. The actual content of the dream is called _____________ content, and the hidden, underlying meaning is called the ____________ content.

manifest; latent

While asleep, Kendra’s brain is busy. As acetylcholine surges, and activates brain stem areas, random messages are sent to the thalamus and relayed throughout the cortex. As she enters Stage 5 sleep, Kendra has a dream of talking to friends in class. This process reflects the ____________ theory of dreaming.

activation-synthesis

Near-death experiences (NDEs) are not a purely biological phenomenon because evidence shows that

John was in an accident and was seriously injured. He tells his friends that he felt his consciousness leave his body, and he watched from above as the doctors worked on him. He saw his deceased grandparents were there, smiling at him and the pain went away. Then, as the doctors finished working on him his consciousness returned to his body. John experienced a(n)

near-death experience.

You are a movie reviewer for a local newspaper and just saw a film in which stage show volunteers were given specific posthypnotic suggestions to rob jewelry stores and mail the jewels to the hypnotist. You title your review,

“Entertaining, But Goes Against the Known Facts.”

      One problem for sociocognitive theories of hypnosis is that they

fail to account for why some people are simply not responsive to hypnotic suggestions.

Alcohol is primarily a

depressant.

The most powerful natural stimulant is

Jasmine says she will never smoke marijuana because it leads to the use of other stronger and more addictive drugs. You tell Jasmine that

she might be right, but the direction of cause and effect has not been established; and other reasons perhaps explain why some people start out with marijuana and move on to more potent drugs.

Learning results from

experience.

Habituation occurs to

stimuli we conclude are safe.

Learning, as the association of one stimulus with another, was first systematically studied by

the British Associationists.

Brandi feeds her dog, Spot, canned food every day. Whenever Brandi’s mom opens a can, Spot comes running. Spot has been conditioned to

      expect dog food to be in every can that is opened.

Jane wants to use classical conditioning to teach her dog to wag his tail whenever he hears the house phone ring. She plans to pet her dog, which always makes his tail wag, and then immediately call the house phone with her cell phone. How successful will she be?

Very successful; this is a correct pairing of events.

Carina is trying to get over her fear of large spiders, starting with tarantulas. To do this, she has successfully trained herself to breath deeply and relax whenever she sees a tarantula. However, yesterday Carina saw a scorpion and became very fearful. This is probably due to

stimulus generalization.

instrumental conditioning.

When a behavior occurs as an automatic reflex, it is called _____________ but when it occurs as a voluntary behavior it is called ____________.

Negative reinforcement ALWAYS _____________ a target behavior; whereas punishment ALWAYS ____________ a target behavior.

increases; decreases

When Ana’s children misbehave in the store, she often tells them, “Wait until we get home!” as which time she always remembers to punish them. What does the research evidence suggest about her discipline strategy?

Delayed punishment is seldom effective.

Once a behavior is established, the best way to maintain it for the long run is to reinforce it

Granny, playing slot machines.”

Joachim’s mother is potty training him. At first she praises him when he approaches his potty chair, and then only when he sits on it. Next she praises him if he “goes” in the potty chair, even. Finally, she only praises him if he goes in the potty chair, and keeps his diaper dry. Joachim’s mother is using

shaping.

“Well, on some past exam Brana must have performed well while wearing that medal.”

Two-process theory explains the persistence of some phobias as a combination of operant and classical conditioning in which the feared stimulus

elicits a classically conditioned autonomic response, and an operantly conditioned negative reinforcement to removing one’s self from the target stimulus.

did not believe that thinking played a role in this type of learning.

without reinforcement.

mirror neurons

      Sometimes a solution to a problem suddenly comes to us. This event is called