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| Goal: to improve government and society by rejecting the idea that dominated the previous couple of decades that focused on individualism and Social Darwinism. Belief in new social sciences and professionalism to be used to achieve this improvement (social workers, statistics, scientific management, etc) most are Protestant, most are well educated, most are middle class. Progressives did not push issues such as segregation and women’s issues |
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| allows congress to levy income tax |
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| direct election of Senators – before they were picked by state legislatures |
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| passed in 1919 prohibits production, transportation, and sale of alcohol. Does not prohibit the consumption of alcohol. |
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| Granted women right to vote |
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| Developed in response to The Jungle. F&D Admin to follow up. |
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| Illegal to transport women across state lines for “immoral purposes” (only white women) |
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| Initiative, Recall, Referendum |
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| : the people can initiate laws, people can vote on a referendum, people can recall politicians. Give the people the power to get involved in the legislative process |
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| “Fighting Bob”. Governor of Wisconsin. One of most successful state Progressive leaders. Supported idea of workman’s comp, big on railroad reform (shouldn’t be able to charge exorbitant rates), champion of minimum wage, thought elections should be non-partisan, one of the people who pushed through the direct election of senators in the 17th amendment |
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| Wrote The Jungle - exposed the conditions in the meat packing district - brought about creation of the Pure Food and Drug Act |
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| journalists interested in exposing corruption - helped to expose negative things that progressives targeted to improve |
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| Roosevelt: Treated each side “squarely” (but didn’t mess around. Willing to flex his Presidential muscles!) Square Deal – treat both sides fairly. Filed 44 suits against RR, beef, tobacco, oil, etc |
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| Ran as Republican Progressive - Use government to regulate and achieve best results for economy and environment (was not necessarily anti-business) |
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| Argued for state by state women's suffrage |
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| Argued for national amendment for women's suffrage |
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Teddy Roosevelt
Woodrow Wilson
William Howard Taft in between - NOT a progressive |
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| What 3 areas/issues did Progressives target for improvement? |
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| Corruption, get more people involved in politics, improve people's morals |
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| British ship sailing – Germany took out ads in the NY Times telling Americans it was not safe to be on the Atlantic ocean on British ships. Germany shot on the Lusitania and was sunk with 1200 people on board, including 128 Americans |
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| Assassination in 1914 triggers alliances |
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| A Telegram between Germans and Mexicans. Germany offers Mexico all of the territory they lost to the Americans over the course of their history if they distract America. Mexico doesn’t act on it but telegram intercepted and released into the public |
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| U-Boats/Submarine Warfare |
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| Central Powers/Allied Powers |
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| 1. Because of secret alliances, all the major European nations pulled into this war between ethnic rivals in small area of Europe: Allies (France, Britain, Russia) and Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) |
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| Blacks migrating to the North to make a better life for themselves |
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| 75,000 men recruited to give 4 minute speeches in favor of the war – most common place given speeches was at movie theaters |
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| Committee on Public Information. Goal is to “sell” the war to the American people – bc there was really no direct attack on the US so would have to work to convince America that going to war was the right decision. Led by George Creel – journalist - put out massive amounts of propoganda |
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| Supreme Court upholds the law. Congress can limit speech if there is a “clear and present danger” |
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| Espionage and Sedition Acts |
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Passed by Congress June 1917. Pretty broad: illegal to “aid” the enemy, “obstruct” recruitment of soldiers/sailors (no draft protests)
Sedition defined as any criticism of govt or military |
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Wilson outlined a peace plan in Jan 1918. Main goal was to avoid another world war - a. No secret alliances or treaties
Freedom of the seas
Reduce worldwide arms stockpiles |
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| 1. Very harsh towards Germany and Central Powers. Had to admit responsibility for war (war guilt clause). Had to pay $33 billion to Allies (reparations). Included a League of Nations – Wilson hoped this would smooth out future problems |
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| Group of U.S. senators adamantly opposed to ratification of the Treaty of Versailles after World War I. |
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| Came out of Treaty of Versailles - countries come together to prevent war in the future through regulations but no way of enforcing |
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| Liberty and Victory bonds |
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| Encouraged Americans to buy bonds to fund the war |
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| Red Scare/ A Mitchell Palmer |
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| - idea that there are Bolsheviks everywhere and close to being successful in promoting the over throw of the American govt. Series of raids led by Attorney General Mitchell Palmer after Palmer and his family target of one of the mail bombs. Uses precursor of FBI and hires J Edgar Hoover to hunt out anarchist group. |
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| Most famous victims of the Palmer Raids. Two Italian immigrants from Boston – professed Anarchists. Arrested for killing a pay master in 1921. Tried and sentenced to death in 1927 (electric chair) despite evidence showing their innocence. |
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| Grand Dragon of KKK - arrested and convicted under Mann Act, kidnapped and raped woman who killed herself |
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| He challenged a Tenneesee law that forbade the teaching of evolution. The Scopes "monkey trial"- so called because fundamentalists trivialized Darwin's theory into a claim that humans were descended from monkeys- became one of the most publicized and definitive moments of the decade. |
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| law sharply restricting immigration on the basis of immigrants' national origins and discriminating against southern and eastern europeans and asians |
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1. Stock Market Crash
Sell of stock begins Thursday October 24, 1929
People selling off stocks as prices plummet. Over the weekend bankers tried to stabilize market. Personally buying stocks. Too late. Oct 29 complete crash. People gather on wall street in panic. People make runs on banks trying to withdraw their savings |
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| Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico. Drove 60% of the population out of the region; Symbolize the plight and suffering wrought by the Great Depression |
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| Reconstruction Finance Corporation |
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| lent federal funds to banks, insurance companies, and railroads so that their recovery could trickle down to ordinary Americans |
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| WW1 veterans march on DC. Congress refuses. Hoover tells MacArthur to take care of it. One of lasting impression of his Administration |
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| People living in cardboard boxes during depression - houses and towns |
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| Congress passes many of the acts FDR proposed. |
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| Roosevelt: Goal is to reassure, educate and inform the American people through radio talks |
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| President Roosevelt's plan to expand the Supreme Court to as many as 15 judges (6 more) - he wanted to add judges who would agree with New Deal ideas. |
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| “Share the Wealth” - opponent of New Deal |
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| Catholic priest from Detroit - opponent of New Deal |
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| Commissioned following WWI to look into American involvement in war. Findings said reason US got dragged into WWI because a group of capitalists and businessmen wanted to make money selling food, making arms, etc. Reinforces American’s ideas to not get involved |
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| i. GB doesn’t have money to pay for weapons so Roosevelt comes up with this. We’ll “lend” them the use of ships. In exchange they’ll lease use of bases around the world to US |
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Pearl Harbor —“the day that will live in infamy”)iv. 19 ships sunk and 200 planes
Thankfully aircraft carriers not in port. Submarines didn’t suffer too much damage |
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| European Front v. Pacific Front |
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| America chose to attack Hitler first because Germany was more of an industrial resource than Japan. Already working on atomic bomb. |
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Normandy, June 6, 1944
3 million men; 11,000 aircraft, 6939 ships used to plan and organize
5 day operation - turning point in the war |
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| US working on atomic research |
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| Why/how was LoNs ineffective in preventing WWII |
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| Didn't have resources to enforce regulations |
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| Why/how did Roosevelt help Allies despite Congress and American people's opposition? |
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| Lend-Lease, meets Churchill in secret, carry arms to allies, ii. 1940 US institutes a peace time draft and increases military spending for tanks and airplanes. |
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| Why did US enter WWII? Who were its allies? |
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| Germany fires on US Greer, Japan bombs Pearl Harbor - can no longer remain passive. Allies: Britain, France, USSR |
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| How was the war fought in Europe? Why Europe first? |
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| Europe first because Germany seen as more of a threat, already working on atomic bomb, more industrial resources than Japan |
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| How did the 1st and 2nd New Deal attack problems of Great Depression differently? |
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| First deal was more radical, govt sought to control the entire economy. Second deal govt sought to take responsibility for providing aid, trickle down effect through business |
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| What people and/or groups opposed New Deal? Why? |
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| Coughlin, Townsend, Long, Supreme Court (ruled several programs were unconstitutional |
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| Successes and Failures of New Deal |
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A. Foundations of the modern welfare state with Social Security Act
• Govt establishes responsibility of taking care of citizens. Not just protect legal rights. |
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| Long term and short term causes of Great Depression |
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| Long term: Cycle of debt from WWI and the weakness of the world economy. Farm recession, Buying on credit, Lack of Regulation in the stock market, Over production and under consumption, Unequal distribution of wealth. Short term influence: stock market crash |
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| Hoover's beliefs about Depression. How did they influence his presidency? |
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| Hoover rejects laissez-faire. Says government responsible for reviving economy. uses the power of federal government more than any previous President except maybe Lincoln.ays groundwork for New Deal but doesn’t get credit |
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| Immediate impacts of the Crash/Depression on American life |
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| Unemployment, Limited relief , Children (schools shut down, leave school to work, malnutrition), suicides increase, riots over food, violence becomes common place |
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| Optimistic about the future. Don’t feel threatened by change or innovation. Maintain traditional politics of their parents, accepting trad beliefs on things like immigration, KKK, etc. Culturally challenge just about everything parents believe in. Especially regarding behavior of women, youth and blacks. |
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| Why did America appear to be so prosperous in the 1920s? |
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Automobiles so cheap most middle class can buy. Consumers are encouraged to buy, buy, buy. Stock market just keeps climbing even though value of goods that the companies have isn’t changing any. • But if you look beneath the surface, signs of problems:
Farm markets very depressed
Workers and unions losing grounds |
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| How did Modernists and Radicals separate themselves from Traditionalists? |
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| Rebelled in many ways. i.e. dress, behavior, ideals, etc. |
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| nationwide phenomenon, becomes a social club – branches for women, kids. Expanded their target audience from blacks to other immigrant and religious groups. Saw themselves as the “Moral Guardians” of America |
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"the lost generation" Challenge American political traditions—CAPITALISM
Led by left-leaning intellectuals. Disillusioned by World War I. F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, TS Elliot, William Faulkner
Some move out of US |
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Deal (More Radical!) (1933-1934)
First 100 days. Restore faith in economy. Preserve natural resources. Make economy competitive again. Put people to work. Willing to challenge fundamental way American capitalism worked. Government managing the economy. Supreme Court rules several programs unconstitutional |
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| Not seeing much progress and facing increasing criticism. Election year coming up (1936) so looking for more direct aid to American people. More government spending. Government now a key part of the economy and taking direct responsibility for providing relief to American people but through traditional spending (trickle down through $ to businesses). |
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