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Definition
| Slow, gradual movement along a fault |
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| the point of first break on a fault during an earthquake |
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| earthquakes orginate in the.... |
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Definition
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| Elastic Rebound Theory Explains |
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Definition
- the generation of earthquakes along fault zones
- the likely reoccurence of earthquakes along the same fault zone
- the concept of seismic gap
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Definition
| the regions where major earthquakes are likely to occur in the future |
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| In the US earthquake intensity is measured by... |
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| An earthquake with a magnitude of 5 on the Richter scale vs a magnitude of 7 releases how much more energy? |
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| an earthquake with a magnitude of 5-6.9 would be described as |
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| the problem of liquefaction could be somewhat reduced by... |
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Definition
| installing efficient underground drainage systems |
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Definition
| can travel at speeds of hundreds of miles per hour |
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| seismic gaps represent... |
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Definition
| "locked" sections along otherwise active faults |
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| examples of earthquake pre-cursors.... |
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Definition
- increase then decrease in the electrical resisivity of rocks
- changes in water levels of wells
- anomalous animal behavior
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Definition
| US agency authorized to issue warnings of impending earthquakes and other geologic events |
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| Which nation currently DOES NOT have a government sponsored earthquake prediciton program? |
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Definition
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| a state at risk for a severly damaging earthquake |
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| The Phenomenon in which rocks snap back elastically to the prestress condition after an earthquake is called.... |
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Definition
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Definition
| the point on the earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake |
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Definition
energy released when an earthquake occurs that are divided into body wave and
surface wa |
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Definition
| body waves that involve a side to side motion of molecules of the material in which they travel |
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Definition
| a measure of the damaging effects of an earthquake on surface features and on humans |
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| events that precede an earthquake that can be used to predict its occurence |
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Definition
| a method of releasing built up strain along locked sections of faults by pumping fluid into fault zones |
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Definition
| are concentrated in subduction zones |
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Definition
| first waves to be detected during an earthquake |
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Definition
| can not be detected all over the earth during an earthquake |
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Term
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Definition
| travel through matter, the matter is alternately compressed and expanded |
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Term
| The further away a receiving seismograph is from the epicenter of an earthquake... |
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Definition
| the greater the lag time between the arrival of P & S waves |
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Term
| Calculation of the Richter magnitude of an earthquake is based on.... |
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Definition
| maximum amplitude of sesismic waves recorded on teh seismogram and adjusted for the distance of the seismograph from the epicenter. |
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Definition
| NOT extremely rare events |
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Definition
| the intensity increases as the number gets higher |
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| Buildings on deep soil usually |
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Definition
| suffer more than those built on bedrock |
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| During the 1906 San Fransisco earthquake |
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Definition
| 70% of the damage was due to fire rather than ground movement |
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| It is not possible to predict the.... |
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Definition
| timing and size of major earthquakes |
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| it is best to be ________ during an earthquake |
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Definition
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| The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake has... |
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Definition
| increased the near-term liklihood of failure along the peninsular segment of the San Andreas fault |
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| Most earthquakes are a magnitude of |
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| most magmas originate in the |
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Definition
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Definition
| are low in viscosity and flow easily |
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| most volcanic activity on land occurs |
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Definition
| in association with subduction zones |
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| a well known volcano associated with a rift zone is .... |
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Definition
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| most volcanic rock is created at |
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Definition
| seafloor spreading ridges |
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| The Columbbia Plateau is an example of ... |
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Definition
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| The Hawaiian peak called Mauna Loa is an example of ... |
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| Is not a type of pyroclastic material.... |
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Definition
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Definition
| volcanoes composed of pyroclastics |
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Definition
| volcanoes of the Cascade Range |
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| the residents of Icelandic island of Heimaey stopped lava flow by.... |
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Definition
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| a pyroclastic outburst of a denser than air mixture of hot gases and fine ash is ... |
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Definition
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| the catastrophe at Lake Nyos, Cameroon, Africa in 1986 was caused by.... |
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Definition
| the release of carbon dioxide |
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| volcanic erruptions may at least temporarily... |
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Definition
-contribute to the formation of acid rain
-decrease average global temperature
-increase the rate of ozone depletion |
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| Changes in barometric pressure |
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Definition
| are not precursors to volcanoes |
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| seismic activity, deformation of a volcanoes surface & changes in the mix of gases emitted from a volcano |
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Definition
| ARE precursors to a volcano |
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Definition
| can anticipate the likelihood of an explosive eruption |
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| concerning responses to eruption predictions the safest course it to... |
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Definition
| undertake precautionary evacuations |
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| subduction is the underlying cause of ... |
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Definition
| volcanoes of the Cascade Range & Pacific Northwest |
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Definition
| volcanic, fine grained compositional equivalent of granite |
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| a collection of volcanoes rimming the Pacific ocean |
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| Mount St. Helens has fored a crater known as... |
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Definition
| bits of violently erupted volcanic material |
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| Stratovolcanoes are also known as |
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| a mudflow of meltwater and volcanic ash produced by a volcanic eruption |
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| During the 1902 eruption of Mont Pelee, the town of St. Pierre on the Caribbean Island of Martinique was destroyed by |
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| during the A.D. 79 eruption of Mount Vesuvius many were killed by |
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| if a volcano is very unlikely to erupt it is called- |
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Definition
| an enlarged volcanic summit crater formed either by an explosion or the collapse of a volcano |
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| The eruption of Mt. St. Helens in 1980 made many Americans realize... |
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Definition
| that they lived in areas threatened by volcanoes |
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| most volcanoes are located over... |
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Definition
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| The most energetic pyroclastic eruptions are more typical of volcanoes with... |
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Definition
| viscous lavas, because thicker lava tends to trap more gases |
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| an example of phreatic eruption- |
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Definition
| the violent eruption of the Indonesian island of Krakatoa in 1883 |
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| volcanic eruptions that spew sulfur-rich gas may enhance the effects of - |
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| "foresee" volcanic events |
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Definition
| more viscous, thicker and flow sluggishly |
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| lava flows can be harzardous however; they are ... |
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Definition
| predictable since their flow paths can be anticipated |
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Term
| there are an estimated ____ to ____ ACTIVE volcanoes in the world |
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Definition
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| Mount Pinatubo exhibited several precursors prior to its 1991 eruption including... |
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Definition
-increased seismic activity
-a bulge on the volcanoes surface
-emissions of ash
-sudden drop in gas output |
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Term
| Mass movements occur when- |
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Definition
| the shearing stress on the material exceeds its frictional resistance (or shear strength) |
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| All else being equal, a slope steepness increases, the shearing stress of a material |
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Definition
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Term
| The rockslide that buried Goldan, Switzerland in 1806 was caused by... |
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Definition
| the steepness of slopes due to tectonic movements |
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Term
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Definition
| has a low overall landslide potential |
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Term
| a pile of concrete blocks has |
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Definition
| a greater angle of repose than a pile of marbles or a pile of apples |
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| a reduction in pore pressure |
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Definition
| is the least likely to cause mass movement on a steep slope |
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Term
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Definition
| consist of very fine particles held together by salty pore water |
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| The Vaiont Reservoir disaster was caused by |
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Definition
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| soil creep is often triggered by... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| results from ice forming beneath the surface of soil during freezing conditions in the atmosphere. |
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Term
| the rate of motion of a landslide is commonly related to- |
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Definition
| the proportion of moisture within the material |
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| scarp formation is often associated with |
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| snow avalanches, debris avalanches and volcanic lahars are examples of --- |
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Definition
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| a flow involving a wide variety of materials is called |
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Definition
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Term
| reducing the risk of landslide on an unstable steep slope can be accomplished by--- |
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Definition
reduction in slope angle
placement of additional supporting material at the base of the slope
reduction of slope load by the removal of material high on the slope |
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Term
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Definition
curved or tilted tree trunks
cracks in the ground surface parallel to the slope
slanted utility poles |
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Definition
| general term for rapid mass movement |
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Definition
| maximum slope angle at which a given dry, unconsolidated material is stable |
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Definition
| is the expansion of wet soil as it freezes and ice expands |
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Definition
| fine grained sediment of pulverized rock produced by glacial erosion |
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Definition
| extremly slow mass-wasting event |
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| a free-falling action in which the moving material is not always in contact with the ground underneath |
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Definition
| accumulated debris that result from rockfalls or rockslides |
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Definition
| a mass-wasting event in which a relatively cohesive unit of rock or soil moves downsloope along a well defined surface or plane |
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Definition
| a slide that typically exhibits a rotational movement of soil as it moves downslope |
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Definition
| mass-wasting event in which materials move in a chaotic, incoherent fashion |
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| The most rapid mass movements are normally- |
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Definition
| rockfalls, avalanches & mudflows |
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Term
| landslides are often triggered by heavy rain or |
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Definition
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| the force behind mass movements is |
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Definition
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| Portuguese Bend in Los Angeles County, CA. is an example of |
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Definition
| a slide area activated by humans |
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Term
| artifical reservoirs can cause landslides by |
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Definition
| increasing pore pressures in rocks along the sides of the reservoirs |
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Term
| the most rapid mass movements can travel at speeds of |
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Definition
| hundreds of kilometers per hour |
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Term
| the most successful retaining walls are- |
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Definition
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Term
| aerial photography can be used to identify |
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Definition
| inconspicuous mass movements |
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| angle of repose is less for |
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Definition
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Definition
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| a snow avalanche is a type of |
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Definition
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Term
| moisture reduction techniques work best where |
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Definition
| rocks or soils are relatively permeable |
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