Term
| Describe the typical brain imaging in schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| Shows cerebral atrophy/elarged fluid filled ventricles/shrinkag of prefrontal cortex, temporal, basal ganglia and limbic regions like the hippocammpus. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the typical brain imaging in schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| Shows cerebral atrophy/elarged fluid filled ventricles/shrinkag of prefrontal cortex, temporal, basal ganglia and limbic regions like the hippocammpus. |
|
|
Term
| Hyperactivity of the D2 receptor in the subcortical and limbic regions of the brain contributes to what phenomenon related to schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
| Hallucinations and delusions |
|
|
Term
| What is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Schizophrenia typically begins with an excess, then ultimately a deficit in activity of this neurotransmitter: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypofunction of which receptor can lead to psychotic symptoms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which neurotransmitter is most associated with forming memories and helping us learn new things |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is typically the finding with regards to serotonin in schizophrenic patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In schizophrenic patients treaing the deregulation of 5-HT2 receptors can |
|
Definition
| improve the negative symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Describe "negative features" of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| lack of pleasure, trouble with speech flattening of expressions |
|
|
Term
| Identify potential medical emergencies associated with antipsychotic medications and how to manage these emergencies. |
|
Definition
Anticholinergic toxicity
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Seizrures
Sudden cardiac death
QRS prolongation |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of zyprexa? |
|
Definition
| Dizziness, restlessness, depression, unusual behavior, depression, difficulty staying asleep or falling asleep, weakness, difficulty walking, constipation, weight gain, dry mouth, pain in arms, legs, back or joints, breast enlargement or discharge, late or missed periods, decreased sexual ability |
|
|
Term
| List medications with which olanzapine has serious interactions |
|
Definition
apomorphine
bomocriptine
cabergoline
dopamine
fluvoxamine
levodopa
lisuride
mefloquine
methyldopa
ondansetron
pefloxacin
pramipexole
ropinirole
sodium oxybate
umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol
vilanterol/fluticasone furoate |
|
|
Term
| Is olanzapine approved for the treatment of behavior disorders in older adults with dementia? why or why not? |
|
Definition
| No. It increases the risk of death during treatment as well as the chances of stroke and mini stroke. |
|
|
Term
| What labwork would you obtain before starting zyprexa? |
|
Definition
| Fasting plasma glucose, Hgb aqc, fasting lipid panel monthly for the 1st 3 months of taking medication then every 3 months thereafter unless otherwise indicated. |
|
|
Term
| What effect might paliperidone have on blood pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What medication might increase a patient's risk of falling while on paliperidone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What migh paliperidone do to medications used to treat parkinsons disease? |
|
Definition
| It can block the effects of medications such as levodopa, bromocriptine, pramipexole, ropinirole and others. |
|
|
Term
| Taking antipsychotics like chlorpromazine (thorazine), thioridizine, iloperidone, asenapine, quetiapine and ziprasidone with paliperidone may increase the risk of what? |
|
Definition
| May increase the risk of heart problems |
|
|
Term
| Taking depakote with paliperidon may: |
|
Definition
| increase the levels and effects of paliperidone |
|
|
Term
| Which pathway projects from the substantia nigra to the basal ganglia or striatum? |
|
Definition
| The nigrostriatal dopamine pathway |
|
|
Term
| What part of the nervous system is the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway and what does it control? |
|
Definition
| It's part of the etrapyramidal nervous system and controls motor function and movement. This is one reason when dopamine is deficient, it can cause parkinsonism like tremor, rigidity, and akinesia/bradykenisias. In untreated schizophrenia, activation of this pathway is considered to be "normal". |
|
|
Term
| Which dopamine pathway projects from the midbrain ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens? |
|
Definition
| The mesolimbic dopamine pathway. |
|
|
Term
| What major part of the nervous system of the brain is the mesolimbic dopamine pathway a part of and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Believed to be involved in many behaviors such as pleasurable sensations the powerful euphoria of drugs of abuse, as well as delusions and hallucinations of psychosis. |
|
|
Term
| Hyperactivity of dopamine neurons in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway theoretically: |
|
Definition
| mediates the positive symptoms of psychosis such as delusions and hallucinations. This pathway is also involved in pleasure, reward, and reinforcing behavior, and many drugs of abuse interact here. |
|
|
Term
| projects from the midbrain ventral tegmental area and sends axons to the prefrontal cortex, where they may have a |
|
Definition
| role inmediating cognitive symptoms (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, DLPFC) and affectivesymptoms (ventromedial prefrontal cortex, VMPFC) of schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
| Expression of cognitive symptoms (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, DLPFC) and affectivesymptoms (ventromedial prefrontal cortex, VMPFC) of schizophrenia are thought to originate in this dopamine pathway: |
|
Definition
| The mesocortical dopamine pathway |
|
|
Term
| projects from the hypothalamus to theanterior pituitary gland and controls prolactin secretion into the circulation |
|
Definition
| The tuberoinfundibular dopamine pathway |
|
|
Term
| arises from multiple sites, including theperiaqueductal gray, ventral mesencephalon, hypothalamic nuclei, and lateralparabrachial nucleus, and it projects to the thalamus |
|
Definition
| he thalamic dopamine pathway |
|
|
Term
Its function is not currently wellknown but may be involved in sleep and arousal mechanisms by gating information
2passing through the thalamus to the cortex and other brain areas. There is no evidence atthis point for abnormal functioning of this dopamine pathway in schizophrenia. |
|
Definition
| thalamic dopamine pathway |
|
|
Term
| NMDA, AMPA and kainite are all receptors for ______. They are ______ receoptos. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens after glutamate is released and attaches to receptor? |
|
Definition
| sodium channels open and depolarize the cell, glutamate flows in, then Gaba is released. |
|
|
Term
| Cortico-brainstem-descending projects from |
|
Definition
| cortical pyramidal neurons to brainstem NT centers including raphe for serotonin, VTA and substantia nigra for dopamine, ad locus coeruleus for NE. |
|
|
Term
| These excitatory cortico brainstem neurons stimulate NT release. |
|
Definition
| raphe for serotonin, VTA and substantia nigra for dopamine, ad locus coeruleus for NE |
|
|
Term
| raphe for serotonin, VTA and substantia nigra for dopamine, ad locus coeruleus for NE are: |
|
Definition
| excitatory cortico brainstem neurons that stimulate NT release |
|
|
Term
| These neurons terminate on GABA neurons. |
|
Definition
| Corticostriatal-descending from cortical pyramidal neurons to striatal complex. |
|
|
Term
| Hippocampal accumbens-projects from |
|
Definition
| hippocampus to NA - This path is linked to schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
brings info from thalamus back to cortex to process sensory
info. |
|
Definition
| Thalamo-cortical pathways |
|
|
Term
| This glutamate pathway projects back to the thalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
one neuron inhibit another neuron via interneurons that release
GABA. This is known as: |
|
Definition
| Indirect cortico-cortico pathway |
|
|
Term
| ortico-cortical-glutamate pathways are where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| People with these types of schizophrenic symptoms may lose touch with some aspects of reality. Symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, thought disorders (unusual or dysfunctional ways of thinking), movement disorder (agitated body movements) (Arising from the mesolimbic dopamine pathway) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Positive symptoms arise from which pathway? |
|
Definition
| Mesolimbic dopamine pathway |
|
|
Term
| Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are hypothetically modulated by |
|
Definition
| malfunctioning mesolimbic circuits |
|
|
Term
| Delusions, Hallucinations, Distortions or exaggerations in language and communication, Disorganized speech, Disorganized behavior, Catatonic behavior, and Agitation commonly describe what? |
|
Definition
| positive schizophrenia symptoms |
|
|
Term
| disruptions to normal emotions and behaviors. Characterized by: flat affect, reduced feelings of pleasure in everyday life, difficulty beginning and sustaining activities, decreased communication. (Arising from the mesocortical dopamine pathway) What does this describe? |
|
Definition
| Negative schizophrenia symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Poverty of speech; e.g., talks little, uses few words |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Reduced range of emotions (perception,
experience and expression); e.g., feels numb or empty inside,
recalls few emotional experiences, good or bad |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Reduced social drive and interaction; e.g., little sexual
interest, few friends, little interest in spending time with (or little
time spent with) friends |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Reduced ability to experience pleasure; e.g., finds
previous hobbies or interests unpleasurable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Reduced desire, motivation, persistence; e.g., reduced
ability to undertake and complete everyday tasks; may have poor
personal hygiene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are associated with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Depressed mood, Anxious mood, Guilt, Tension, Irritability, and Worry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_______ are associated with problematic information
processing in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Problems representing and maintaining goals, Problems
allocating attentional resources, Problems focusing and sustaining attention , Problems evaluating functions , Problems modulating behavior based upon social cues, Problems monitoring performance , Problems prioritizing , Problems with serial learning, Impaired verbal fluency, and Difficulty with problem solving |
|
Definition
| Cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
| list the DSM 5 criteria for schizophrenia |
|
Definition
DSM five: two of the following during one month (one must be 1-3)
delusions
hallucinations
disorganized speech
grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
negative symptoms |
|
|
Term
| cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia originate from: |
|
Definition
| Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex |
|
|
Term
| negative symptoms/reward circuits of schizophrenia originate from: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| aggressive symptoms of schizophrenia originate from: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| motor function and movement symptoms of schizophrenia originate from: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| positive symptoms of schizophrenia originate from ____ |
|
Definition
| Mesolimbic region of the brain |
|
|
Term
| affective symptoms of schizophrenia originate from: |
|
Definition
| Ventromedial prefrontal cortex |
|
|
Term
| Suicidal ideation of schizophrenia originates from: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ can also be linked to mesolimbic system which involves the nucleus accumbens which is part of the brain's reward circuitry and plays a role in motivation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ area of the brain may also be involved in substance abuse (negative symptoms/reward circuits) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| projects from dopaminergic cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area of the brainstem to axon terminals in one of the limbic areas of the brain, mainly the nucleus accumbens located in the ventral striatum. |
|
Definition
| The mesolimbic dopamine pathway |
|
|
Term
| This pathway is said to have an important functional role in many emotional behaviors (positive symptoms of psychosis - delusions & hallucinations). |
|
Definition
| The mesolimbic dopamine pathway |
|
|
Term
| This pathway also plays a role in motivation, pleasure, and reward. |
|
Definition
| The mesolimbic dopamine pathway |
|
|
Term
| Drugs that ________ dopamine will increase or produce positive symptoms of psychosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drugs that decrease dopamine -________ or _____ positive symptoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All antipsychotics that treat ________ symptoms of schizophrenia are blockers of the dopamine D2 receptor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stimulants such as cocaine/amphetamines: release _______, if taken repeatedly, can cause _________ that is hard to differentiate from ________ symptoms of schizophrenia. |
|
Definition
| dopamine; paranoid psychosis; positive |
|
|
Term
| it is believed that hyperactivity in the ________, mediates _____ symptoms of psychosis |
|
Definition
| mesolimbic pathway; positive |
|
|
Term
| IT IS NOT KNOWN what causes dopamine hyperactivity, but they think its consequence of dysfunction in ________ and hippocampal __________ |
|
Definition
| prefrontal cortex; glutamate |
|
|
Term
| ________ is the main neurotransmitter in schizophrenia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are four main dopamine receptors and all are ________ by some atypical antipsychotics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cortico-striatal glutamate pathway projects to the ______ terminate on GABA neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
________ is the name for Gradually reducing the dose of the first drug (antipsychotic or antidepressant) while
starting the second antipsychotic/antidepressant at a low dose and then increasing this
dose as the first
drug
is withdrawn |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________in general have more anticholinergic, antihistaminic, a1 blockade actions and are more sedating than the ______, which are less potent binding at these sites. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stop the -pine slowly, over two weeks allowing the patient to readapt to withdrawal of blocking cholinergic, histaminic, alpha 1 receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| titrate the -pine up over two weeks or more, the -done can usually be stopped as quickly as over 1 week. This allows the patient to become tolerant to sedating effects of the -pines. |
|
|
Term
| To and from aripiprazole - arip has a higher affinity/potency for _______. Its administration causes immediate withdraw of the first drug from the _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Switching TO arip- from -pine |
|
Definition
| start a middle dose building up rapidly over 3-7 days while taper the pine over two weeks. Fast titration because arip- replace the first drug at D2 receptors immediately. |
|
|
Term
| Slower titration of the -pine allows ________ of _____ and _____ receptors. |
|
Definition
| readaptation; cholinergic; histaminergic |
|
|
Term
| Switching TO arip- from -done |
|
Definition
| start middle dose, build rapidly over 3-7 days. Taper done over 1 week since -dones are less likely to be associated with anticholinergic and antihistamine withdrawal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stop immediately, due to long half life and strong affinity of D2. Starting a middle, not low doses, of -pines/-dones tapering up 2/1 week respectively. |
|
|
Term
This drug is considered the most effective antipsychotic. However, it is never a first
line choice because it can cause the fatal side-effect of agranulocytosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clozapine, a serotonin 5HT2A–dopamine D2 __________ or serotonin-dopamine _________ is considered to be the “prototypical” ________, and has one of the most complex pharmacologic profiles of any of the atypical antipsychotics. |
|
Definition
| antagonist; antagonist; atypical antipsychotics |
|
|
Term
| _______was the first antipsychotic to be recognized as “atypical” and thus to cause few if any extrapyramidal side effects, not to cause tardive dyskinesia, and not to elevate _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| atypical properties of clozapine were linked particularly to the presence of serotonin 5HT2A _______ added to the dopamine D2 ________ of conventional antipsychotics, and this has become the prototypical binding characteristic of the entire class of atypical antipsychotics. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clozapine may have a particular niche in treating _____ and ______ in psychotic patients. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clozapine is also the antipsychotic associated with the greatest risk of developing a life-threatening and occasionally fatal complication called _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clozapine also has an increased risk of _______, especially at high doses. It can be very ________, can cause excessive salivation, has an increased risk of ______ and is associated with the greatest degree of weight gain and possibly the greatest _______risk among the antipsychotics. |
|
Definition
| seizures; sedating; myocarditis; cardiometabolic |
|
|
Term
| Thus, clozapine may have the greatest efficacy but also the most side effects among the atypical antipsychotics. Because of these side-effect risks, clozapine is not considered to be the first-line treatment but is used when other antipsychotics fail. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| starting dose and duration for clozapine? |
|
Definition
| Initial 25 mg at night; increase by 25–50 mg/day every 48–72 hours as tolerated |
|
|
Term
| Obtain trough plasma level when first initiating clozapine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The threshold for response is what for clozapine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Levels greater than _____ of clozapine are often not well tolerated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| No evidence to support dosing of clozapine that results in plasma levels greater than _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Doses greater than ______ of clozapine per day may require a split dose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When switching from one antipsychotic to another, it is frequently prudent to __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does it mean to cross titrate? |
|
Definition
| to build down the dose of the first drug while building up the dose of the other over a few days to a few weeks. This leads to transient administration of two drugs but is justified in order to reduce side effects and the risk of rebound symptoms and to accelerate the successful transition to the new medication. |
|
|
Term
Switching from Oral Antipsychotics to Clozapine
• With aripiprazole, amisulpride, and paliperidone ER,: |
|
Definition
| immediate stop is possible; begin clozapine at middle dose |
|
|
Term
Switching from Oral Antipsychotics to Clozapine
• With risperidone, ziprasidone, iloperidone, and lurasidone: |
|
Definition
| begin clozapine gradually, titrating over at least 2 weeks to allow patients to become tolerant to the sedating effect |
|
|
Term
Switching from Oral Antipsychotics to Clozapine
-Benzodiazepine or anticholinergic medication can be administered during cross-titration to help alleviate side effects such as _____ _____ and/or _____ . However, use with caution in combination with clozapine |
|
Definition
| insomnia, agitation, and/or psychosis |
|
|
Term
| Neuroscience-based Nomenclature: dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine receptor antagonist (DSN-RAn). Atypical antipsychotic (serotonin- dopamine antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; also a mood stabilizer) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| serotonin- dopamine antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; also a mood stabilizer |
|
Definition
| Atypical antipsychotic risperidone |
|
|
Term
| Major s/e of risperidone: |
|
Definition
✽May increase risk for diabetes and dyslipidemia
Dose-dependent extrapyramidal symptoms
✽ Dose-related hyperprolactinemia
10
✽ Dose-dependent dizziness, insomnia,
anxiety, sedation
Nausea, constipation, abdominal pain, weight gain Tachycardia, dose-dependent sexual dysfunction
Rare tardive dyskinesia (much-reduced risk compared to conventional antipsychotics) Rare orthostatic hypotension, usually during initial dose
titration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fasting triglycerides, plasma glucose, lipids and LFT for patients with liver
disease and CBC for patients with h/o drug-induced neutropenia. |
|
|
Term
| Starting dose for olanzapine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Labs for all antipsychotic starts: |
|
Definition
| Baseline and monitor weight gain, monitor and baseline for diabetes, dyslipidemia, BP in elderly, monitor prolactin levels, CBC to monitor WBC in patients with low WBC count or hx of drug induced leukopenia/neutropenia. BMI monthly for 3 months then quarterly; BP, fasting plasma glucose, and fasting lipids in first 3 months then annually, but earlier and more frequently for patients with diabetes and who have gained >5% of initial weight. |
|
|
Term
| for which antipsychotic should you Add baseline and periodic EKG. Baseline serum K+ and magnesium levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
for which antipsychotic should you patients with liver disease should have blood tests done a few times a
year |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lower ANC threshold for starting clozapine: normal pop. >______/ul, _________ (BEN): >_____/ul. |
|
Definition
| 1500; benign ethnic neutropenia; 1000 |
|
|
Term
| ________ is a type of restlessness due to dopamine deficiency in the ______ basal ganglia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
________ is a feeling of muscle quivering, restlessness, and inability to sit still,
sometimes a side effect of antipsychotic or antidepressant medications |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______ ________ refers to late-appearing motor restlessness.
Manifestations may include repeated leg-crossing, weight-shifting, or stepping in
place (Up to date) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For akathisia, we suggest treatment with a ______ or a _____ _____ . |
|
Definition
| benzodiazepine; beta blocker |
|
|
Term
Long-term ______ of D2 receptors in the _______ dopamine pathway can cause
_______ of those receptors, which may lead to a hyperkinetic motor condition known
as _______ _______. |
|
Definition
| Blockade; nigrostriatal ;up-regulation; tardive dyskinesia |
|
|
Term
| Chronic receptor activation leads to _______ and a given amount of drug will have _____ receptors to act on and therefore will produce _____ biological effect. |
|
Definition
| down-regulation; fewer; less |
|
|
Term
| increased receptor activation is chronically reduced |
|
Definition
| Compensatory up-regulation |
|
|
Term
| Dopamine is a _______ which is more broadly a ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Atypical antipsychotic blocks ____ and ______ receptors which then _______
dopamine release in the striatum therefore resulting in the elimination of EPS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5HT2A receptor antagonism theoretically makes an antipsychotic _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_______ and dopamine have reciprocal roles in the regulation of _____ secretion
from the pituitary lactotroph cells |
|
Definition
| Serotonin; prolactin; pituitary lactotroph |
|
|
Term
| Dopamine ________ prolactin release via _______ D2 receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Serotonin ________ prolactin release via _______ 5HT2A receptors – so serotonin
can no longer stimulate prolactin release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This ______ the _____ of d2 receptor blockade |
|
Definition
| mitigates; hyperprolactinemia |
|
|
Term
| _____ receptor antagonism theoretically makes an antipsychotic atypical |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Conventional antipsychotics only _______ dopamine at D2 receptors throughout the
brain while atypical with their additional 5HT2A ______ properties have much more
complicated net actions on dopamine activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ receptors are postsynaptic and regulate both dopamine and _______release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fluoxetine is not only a well-known SSRI, but also has potent 5HT2C antagonist
properties that may not only contribute to its antidepressant effects as monotherapy, but
also add to the 5HT2C ______actions of olanzapine when given together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ are postsynaptic and regulate both dopamine and norepinephrine release. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stimulation of ________receptors suppresses more dopamine from the mesolimbic than
nigrostriatal pathways. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______ receptors are one of the glutamate receptor subtypes coupled to ion channels that
modulate _____ ________ by gating the flow of calcium and sodium ions into the cell |
|
Definition
AMPA receptors are one of the glutamate receptor subtypes coupled to ion channels that
modulate cell excitability by gating the flow of calcium and sodium ions into the cell |
|
|
Term
| Regulate ion flow and neuronal depolarization that can lead to NMDA receptor activation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Many modulators of AMPA are under development including those that do not act
directly at the ______ site of the AMPA receptor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Members of the ligand-gated ion channel family of receptors\Mediate fast, excitatory neurotransmission, allowing Na to enter neuron to depolarize it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Metabotropic glutamate receptors (linked to G proteins) can occur either ____ OR ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ and _____ receptors may mediate fast, excitatory neurotransmission, allowing sodium to enter the neuron to depolarize it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NMDA receptors in the resting state are normally blocked by ______, which plugs a _____ ______. |
|
Definition
| magnesium; calcium channel |
|
|
Term
| AMPA and kainate receptors require only ______ to bind in order for the channel to open. This leads to fast excitatory neurotransmission and membrane depolarization. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sustained binding of the agonist glutamate will lead to receptor desensitization, causing the channel to close and be transiently unresponsive to _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AMPA receptor with its sodium channel in the resting state, allowing minimal ________ to enter the cell in exchange for ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Depolarization of the membrane removes _______ from the calcium ion channel. This, coupled with _______ binding to the NMDA receptor in the presence of _______, causes the NMDA receptor to open and allow ________ influx. This influx through NMDA receptors contributes to long-term potentiation, a phenomenon that may be involved in long-term learning, synaptogenes, and other neuronal functions. |
|
Definition
| magnesium; glutamate; glycine; calcium |
|
|
Term
| Intersept study suggests that patients with schizophrenia be treated with clozapine for _____ behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
