Term
| "Students with intellectual disabilities." |
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Definition
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| "Mentally retarded students" |
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Term
| 1975: PL 94-142 Education for Individuals with Disabilities Act |
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Definition
First law to protect those woth disabilities in education
Free and appropriate public education (FAPE): Everyone has the free education they need avalible
Least restrictive enviornment (LRE): students of disability have the right to be educatated alongside their nondisabiled peers to the fullest extent possible |
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Term
| appproaches to support students as they access general education |
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Definition
Universal design for learning (UDL)
assistive technology
differentiated instruction
systematic application of increasingly intensive supports |
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Term
| Universal design for learning (UDL) |
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Definition
a way to help all students approach the general education curriculum in nonstandard ways
Key features:
creates alternatives that are open to all students
is part of the standard delivery of instruction
includes multiple and flexible options
Technology is often at the heart of UDL
(electronic books, enlarged print) |
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Term
| Differentiated instruction |
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Definition
| using various instructional methods that match various learning needs, preferences, and styles |
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Term
Differenciated Instruction is accommplished in 4 ways:
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Definition
Instructional activities: different types of instruction provided in small groups
instructional content: chunking lesson's content into small amounts of information
Instructional delivery: flexible groupings, different pacing
Instructional Materials: fewer practice items, graphic organizers, manipulatives |
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Term
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Definition
simple changes in elements that do not change the standard or outcome of learning
example: enlarged text, word processing, an interpreter |
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Term
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Definition
| When accomidations are insufficient; assignments and tests are reduced or altered; modifications change or alter the standards for learning |
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Term
| Alterniatives and ways to deliever special education services include: |
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Definition
pull-in programs
co-teaching: two teachers working together in a classroom delivering instruction together
consulting teacher
collaboration |
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Term
| Individual Family Service Plan (IFSP) |
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Definition
evaluated every 6 months
for younger kids |
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Term
| The purpose of an IEP program is to ensure that each of these individuals: |
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Definition
recieves FAPE
is provided an education in the LRE
is specific to the student
is provided services with the expectation of outstanding results |
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Term
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Definition
at least one general education teacher
at least one special education or related service provider
a respresentative of the school distict
someone to inerpret the assessment results
a parent
the student (if appropriate)
Other people whom the students invite |
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Term
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Definition
serves students with disabilities ages 3 to 21
assures an individualized program
is evaluated annually
meets all of a student's needs
availibility of services does not determine whether they are included on IEP
IEP must be individually determined
includes the communication of contents to everyone who needs the information |
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Term
| 3 components of diversity |
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Definition
cultural diversity: students whose backgrounds differ from mainstream American society
linguistic diversity: students whose native lanuage at home is not english
Diversity and disability: students of cultural and lingustic diversity can face additional challenges that negativly affect school success |
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Term
| overrepresentation and misidentification key factors: |
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Definition
bias and negative attitudes
inconsistency of educational programs
non-responsiveness to differences of language and culture
poor schools
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Term
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Definition
| the general guideline is that the impairment occurs in both english and the child's dominent language |
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Term
| Basic Interpersonal Conversation Skills (BICS): |
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Definition
conversational english
2-3 years to develope |
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| Cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP): |
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Definition
classroom english (academic vocabulary)
5-7 years to develope |
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Term
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Definition
| school personnel with different areas of expertise working together to respond to the unique needs of a student |
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Definition
| the process of exchanging knowledge, ideas, opinions, and feelings through the use of verbal or nonverable language |
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| a rule-based method of communicating ideas and information involving the comprehension and use of signs and symbols |
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Definition
| the vocal production of language |
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Term
| speech impairments include: |
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Definition
voice problems
articcularion problems
fluency or stuttering problems |
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Term
| language impairments include: |
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Definition
form (rule systems): phonology, morphology, syntax
content (semantics): intent and meaning
use (pragmatics): understanding of an objects purpose of function |
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Term
| Assessment of impairment: |
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Definition
early Identification
pre-referral
identification
evaluation |
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Term
assessment of impairment: early identification
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Definition
| crucial to avoid development of learning disabilities |
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Term
assessment of impairment: pre-referral
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Definition
| speech-language pathologists (SLP) play a vital role in assisting teachers with interventions and instructional procedures that can help determine if special education services are provided |
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Term
assessment of impairment: identification |
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Definition
| multiple assessments (developmental milestones, learning, family questionnaires, formal observations) |
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Term
| assessment of impairment: evaluation |
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Definition
| diagnosis of language impairment; balanced assessments include parent/staff interviews, student history, checklists and developmental scales, portfolio assessments, observations, and standardized tests |
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Term
| Key elements to create supportive enviornments |
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Definition
Match language with the comprehension abilities of students
Be responsive to students' language needs by modifying, adjusting, or supplementing instruction
Supply relevent examples for students
Provide multiple examples to explain concepts
Use specific referents (ex: instead of "open your books" say "open your geology book to page 36")
Avoid indirect expressions (Ex: instead of "do you get it?" say "Do you understand how to complete the worksheet?")
Give explicit instruction: direct-language instruction is beneficial for students with and without disabilities |
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Term
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Definition
A condition of unexpected underachievement; academic performance is significantly lower than would be predicted.
4-5% of all students
largest group of students with disabilities served in special ed
federal term: specific learning disability |
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Term
| Characteristics of learning disabilities: |
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Definition
-unexpected underachievement
-lack of motivation or poor attribution
-attention deficits
-inability to generalize
-faulty information processing
-insufficient problem solving strategies
-in some cases, learned helplessness and inactivity in the learning process
-poor language and or cognitive development
-disorganized |
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Term
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Definition
| Frustration and failure in school can negatively affect students' motivation and convince them there is nothing they can do to be successful (Learned helplessness) |
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Term
| Non-strategic approaches to learning |
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Definition
| students struggle with paying attention to the important features of a learning task |
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Definition
| students are unable to transfer learning from one situation to another |
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Term
| faulty information processing |
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Definition
| students may have difficulty with in input, output, or processing of information |
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Term
| The power and importance of providing explicit instruction as soon as students begin to struggle... |
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Definition
| are supported by key findings |
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Term
| students who fail to acquire core skills of reading soon after entering school... |
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Definition
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| Students who have completed first grade without mastering phonological awareness... |
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| tend to be poor readers in fourth grade |
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| struggling readers in third grade... |
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Definition
| tend to be poor readers in 9th grade |
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| struggling readers do not... |
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| early and intensive explicit instruction can... |
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| validated practice that includes visual aids to help students organize, understand, and remember academic content |
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| Learning disabilities are usually identified in what grade? |
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Term
| examples of test accommodations |
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Definition
| test read to you, extended time, different setting, enlarged text |
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| examples of test modifications |
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Definition
| less questions, different version of test, alternative assignment |
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Term
| Assistive technology can: |
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Definition
-augment and individuals strengths
-compensate for the effects of disabilities
-provide alternative modes of performing tasks
-REDUCES BARRIERS |
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Term
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Definition
-helps students take notes and create graphic organizers
-recognizes and reads text to students
-word processing programs help with spelling, definitions, and grammar |
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Definition
| IDEA '04 reinforced that this is necessary |
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| One benefit that IDEA provides for family members includes procedures to follow when they do not agree with schools about the education planned for or being delivered to their children. |
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Term
| Special education is based on the fundamental premise of |
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Definition
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Term
| the education for all handicapped children act |
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Definition
| the first law guaranteeing the rights of students with disabilities to a free appropriate public education |
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Term
| According to IDEA what category is ADHD classified under? |
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Definition
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Term
| The disability LEAST prevalent among American schoolchildren |
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Definition
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Term
| if a student is receiving services to address articulation and fluency problems they fall under this category of IDEA |
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Definition
| speech or language impairment |
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Term
| Community based instruction |
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Definition
| students receive on the job training, practice riding public transportation, and learn about home management activities |
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Term
| in order for a bling student to graduate with a regular diploma, school professionals need to ensure that the student as access to... |
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Definition
| The general education curriculum |
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Term
| examples of multitiered instruction |
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Definition
| PBS, positive behavior support, and RTI, response to intervention, are examples of this |
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Term
| PBS(Positive behavior support) |
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Definition
| if a student is displaying aggressive behavior towards his classmates this type of approach will work towards eliminating challenging behaviors and replacing them with prosocial skills |
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| making decisions, choosing preferences and exercising self-advocacy needed for independent living |
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| The condition of a child being less developed mentally or physically than normal for same-age peers |
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| The MOST prevalent disability among American schoolchildren |
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Definition
| specific learning disability |
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Term
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Definition
| a mismatch of home and school cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| the self-explanations about the reasons for one's success or failure |
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