Term
| How long ago was the Big Bang? |
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Term
| How long ago was the origin of Earth? |
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Term
| What is the maximum age of the ocean floor, crust, and marine sediments? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the maximum age of continental rocks? |
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Term
| What is earth's circumference? |
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Definition
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Term
| How thick is the Lithospheric plate (crust)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the average ocean depth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the maximum ocean depth? |
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Definition
| 11,000m at the Mariana Trench |
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Term
| How much of Earth's surface is covered by water? |
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Definition
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Term
| When was the HMS Challenger expedition? |
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Definition
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Term
| When was the concept of plate tectonics accepted? |
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Definition
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Term
| When was the U.S. Ex. Ex.? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| When was Harrison's chronometer developed? |
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Definition
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Term
| When was Captain Cook exploring? |
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Definition
| Late 1800s geologist, hypothesized Gondwana, Tethys sea, wrote the Face of the Earth |
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Definition
| Late 1800s-early 1900s, known for his theory of continental drift. |
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Definition
| 1800s, made sense of ocean currents and their worldwide pattern. Published first "oceanography" book. |
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Definition
| Calculated the circumference of Earth. |
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Definition
| "discovered" science, abandoned the supernatural approach. |
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Definition
| Neurobiologist, Arctic explorer, crossed Greenland ice sheet by dogsled, failing to reach north pole. Discovered circulation of ice from Siberia to Norway. |
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Definition
| 1900s, idea of constant sea floor creation. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Theory of Seafloor Spreading |
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Term
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Definition
| Position north-south, 1 minute of latitude is 1 nautical mile |
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Definition
| Position east-west, Earth rotates 15 per hour, prime meridian is in Greenwich England, measured E or W from there. |
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Definition
| When time and all matter began, universe still expanding at an accelerating rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Just after big bang, particles coalesced to form lighter elements, fueling stars. |
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Term
| How many Stars/galaxies did the Hubble Space Telescope find in the 90s? |
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Definition
| 200 billion stars/galaxy and 200 billion galaxies |
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Term
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Definition
| Heat from the pressure of compaction+meteors+radioactive decay. |
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Term
| Where did water come from? |
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Definition
| Outgassing, 10% from space. |
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Term
| Where else in the solar system has water been found? |
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Definition
| Mars, The moon, Jupiter's Moon Europa |
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Term
| What are the layers of the earth from outside to inside? |
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Definition
| Lithosphere/crust (slightly different), Inner and outer mantle, iron core |
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Term
| What is the oceanic crust composed of? |
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Definition
| Basalt, rich in iron, dense |
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Term
| What is the continental crust composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the differences between types of seismic waves? |
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Definition
| S waves can't pass through liquid, p waves are faster. |
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Term
| What is the Asthenosphere? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does lithospheric thickness vary? |
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Definition
| Thicker continental crust, thinner oceanic crust. |
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Term
| What were the navigation problems faced by early explorers? |
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Definition
| Latitude and longitude - Long was discovered first, but it wasn't until Harrison's chronometer that they knew what their latitude was. |
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Term
| What were the sampling problems faced by early explorers? |
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Definition
| Accurately finding the depth, temperature at depth, etc. |
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Term
| What important formation of the ocean floor did the HMS Challenger chart? |
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Definition
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Term
| What new technology did the Meteor use and what did it discover? |
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Definition
| High resolution echo sounding, rift in the center of mid-atlandic rise. |
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Term
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Definition
| about 3.5 billion years ago in deep sea hydrothermal vents. |
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Term
| What are the two types of satelites? |
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Definition
| Polar orbiting and geostationary orbiting. |
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Term
| What can satellites measure? |
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Definition
| ocean color (chlorophyll), Infrared (temperature), satellite altimetry. |
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Term
| Who first described hypothesis testing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was Kuhn's contribution to science? |
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Definition
| Scientific revolution, paradigm shift, gestalt |
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Term
| How did Aristotle and Galileo differ in their opinions on gravity? |
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Definition
| Aristotle said heavier objects fall faster, Galileo tested this hundreds of years later and found that all objects fall at the same speed. |
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Term
| What role did Alfred Wegener and his 1915 book play in the scientific community's opinions on Continental drift? |
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Definition
| He stated that Pangaea split into Gondwanaland and Laurasia ca. 250 million years ago, started scientific debate in earnest, argued that continents are still moving. |
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Term
| What is the Pacific ring of fire? What is its significance? |
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Definition
| Ring of earthquakes and volcanoes around the edges of the Pacific Ocean indicate a shifting tectonic plate. |
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Term
| How do sediment ages and thicknesses vary in different areas of the ocean? |
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Definition
| They are older and thicker further from the center. |
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Term
| What is an important characteristic of mid-ocean ridges? |
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Definition
| Rift valley in the middle. |
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Term
| What was Harry Hess' theory on sea floor spreading? |
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Definition
| Convection currents in the mantle give plates a ride |
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Term
| Why is J. Tuzo Wilson's theory of transform faults important? |
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Definition
| Because he said there are a dozen lithospheric plates, set their borders, and predicted where earthquake activity will typically occur. |
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Term
| What confirmed J. Tuzo Wilson's theory of transform faults? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are continental margins and plate margins the same thing? |
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Definition
| No, plate margins extend beyond or sometimes divide continents. |
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Term
| What is the difference between atlantic and pacific type margins? |
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Definition
| Atlantic type margins are passive, while pacific type margins are active. |
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Term
| Where is the ocean deepest? |
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Definition
| Away from mid ocean ridges |
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Term
| About how deep are continental shelves? |
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Definition
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Term
| How deep are deep sea canyons and what causes them? |
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Definition
| 3000m, turbidity currents after earthquakes and landslides. |
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Term
| What is sediment type based on? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the order of sediment sizes from smallest to largest? |
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Definition
| Clay, silt, sand, pebbles, cobbles, boulders |
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Term
| Why are sandy beaches formed? |
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Definition
| large waves remove sand, small waves deposit sand |
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Term
| What does the rock cycle show? |
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Definition
| That most rocks are sedimentary |
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Term
| Terrestrial sediment origin |
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Definition
| Erosion by wind, rivers, or land |
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Term
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Definition
| Calcium carbonate or siliceous, acidity dissolves calcium carbonate at great depths |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sediments from outer space |
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Term
| Pelagic vs. Nertic sediments |
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Definition
| Open ocean, clays and oozes, or terrestrial |
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