Term
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Definition
| There are more than extant (existing) species of vertebrates today. |
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Term
| Amniotes and Non-Amniotes |
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Definition
| Vertebrates are classified into 2 groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vertebrates comprise just of the know species on Earth |
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Term
- echinodermata
- hemichordata
- chordata |
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Definition
| the 3 phyla of deuterostomes |
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Term
- cephalochordata
- urochordata
- vertebrata |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Nearly of all known vertebrate species are currently classifed as Threatened on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List |
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Term
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Definition
| the development of an individual from an embryo to adult |
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Term
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Definition
| the evolutionary development of a group; establishes relationships among organisms based upon derived characteristics and describes patterns of evolutionary change |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the classification of organisms, including the theoretical basis for the classification |
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Term
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Definition
| classification of organisms from a phylogenetic perspective |
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Term
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Definition
| phylogenetic systematics are also called... |
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Term
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Definition
| this animals plus all its descendants |
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Term
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Definition
| branching pattern of taxons |
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Term
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Definition
| category of taxonomy arranged on the basis of shared, derived characters |
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Term
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Definition
| ancestral characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| descended from the same plesiomorphic stucture(s) |
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Term
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Definition
| descended from the same derived structure(s) |
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Term
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Definition
| component of overall similarity due to convergence from unrelated ancestors; independent evolution of structures that look the same |
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Term
- convergence
- parallelism |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| homoplasy within distantly related species |
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Term
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Definition
| homoplasy within more closely related species |
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Term
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Definition
| groups of animals often evolve in habitats that differ from others within the group by a process of convergent evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| opposite of convergence of design (reversal to legless condition) |
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Term
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Definition
| going from a more derived to a more plesiomorphic state |
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Term
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Definition
| similar structures that evolved independently are structures |
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Term
| Preadaptations / Protoadaptations |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| arrangement based solely on monophyletic groupings, including all of the descendents from a given ancestor that share the same characters (synapomorphies) |
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Term
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Definition
| phylogenetic systematics assumes a arrangement |
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Term
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Definition
| grouping in which all the descendents of a common ancestor are included |
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Term
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Definition
| groupings united by common possession of shared primitive characters but not derived characters |
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Term
- deuterostomes
- protostomes |
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Definition
| kingdom Animalia is divided into 2 parts |
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Term
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Definition
Absence of a notochord and functional circulatory system;
Lack of pharyngeal slits, plus pentaradial symmetry |
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Term
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Definition
- dorsal nerve chord
- pharyngeal slits
- stomochord
- blood-vascular system
ex. acorn worm |
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Term
- triplobastic
- head, appendages, bilateral symmetry
- nervous system
- endocrine system |
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Definition
| characteristics of chordata that are shared with less derived animals |
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Term
- notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord and post-anal tail
- neural chest tissue derived from ectoderm
- size and capacity for learning
- diversity and habitat
- pharyngeal slits |
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Definition
| unique chordate characteristics |
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Term
- ectoderm
- endoderm
- mesoderm |
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Definition
| triploblastic means that it has these 3 parts |
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Term
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Definition
| endostyle turns out to be the |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristics of chordates reflect evolutionary trend to larger body size, greater activity, and a transition from filter feeding to predation. |
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Term
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Definition
| subphyla that tunicates are in |
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Term
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Definition
- mouth and atripore
- filter feeder
- most sedentary
- some colonial, some solitary
- soft part of body enclosed in tunic |
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Term
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Definition
| seasquirts and brittlestars are |
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Term
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Definition
| the tunicate is free-swimming when in the stage |
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Term
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Definition
subphyla of chordata:
- tropical and temperate marine organisms
- small
- burrow in sandy bottom
- most adults are sedentary
- worldwide distribution
ex. amphioxus, lancelet |
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Term
- dorsal nerve chord
- notochord
- pharyngeal slits
- postanal muscular tail
- endostyle |
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Definition
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Term
- vertebral elements
- brain & sense
- cranium
- pharynx & respiration
- muscularized
- chambered heart & circulation
- excretion
- locomotion
- neural |
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Definition
primitive vertebrates:
- around nerve chord
- and organs
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- - function of gill arches
- feeding and digestion - gut
- heart and - blood cells
- and osmoregulation - kidney
- support and - complex myomeres
- crest tissue - quadroblastic |
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Term
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Definition
| craniata are broken down into 2 groups |
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Term
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Definition
| craniates without vertebral elements |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the subphylum of chordates containing animals with a backbone |
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Term
- cranium and more derived brain
- filter feeder to active predator/scavenger
- pharyngeal musculature (feeding and ventilation)
- mineralized tissues (bone and cartilage) |
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Definition
| major advances of the first vertebrates from non-vertebrate chordates: |
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Term
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Definition
| represents Myxini and Cyclostomes |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 major genera of myxinoids |
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Term
- marine
- scavenger
- jawless
- kidney
- brachial; 3
- gill
- vertebrae; notochord
- external
- appendages
- tripartite (cartilagenous) |
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Definition
Hagfish Major Characteristics:
- all
- eat by:
- , keratin 'teeth' from ectoderm
- osmoconformers; simple
- heart plus accessory hearts
- pouches
- lack ; have
- fertilization
- absence of lateral
- brain; ( 'cranium') |
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Term
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Definition
| the greatest of all advances in vertebrae history |
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Term
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Definition
| The evolution of jaws occured in the |
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Term
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Definition
T or F?
Jaws evolved once. |
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Term
- enhanced ventiliation of gills
- exploit new food sources / predation
- defense
- behavior / reproduction |
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Definition
| Adaptive significance of jaws: |
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Term
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Definition
| the skull first appears in the |
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Term
- skull
- jaws
- vertebrae |
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Definition
evolution of jaws:
- evolved first
- evolved from gill arches
- more complete |
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Term
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Definition
| transitional vertebrae fossils between agnathans and gnathostomes = an |
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Term
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Definition
| jaws derived from gill arches = |
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Term
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Definition
| how many original arches in agnathans? |
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Term
1st = jaws (mandibular arch)
2nd = connecting tissues (hyoid arch)
3rd+ = remain gill arches |
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Definition
| fate of first 3 gill arches when transformed to jaws |
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Term
1. mandibular arch is cartilage
2. segmentation of arch
3. increased musculature
4. distinct upper and lower jaw
5. adaptation of teeth |
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Definition
| 5 steps of gill arches forming to jaws |
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Term
- fins
- cerebellum
- cranium enlarged anteriorly and posteriorly |
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Definition
| 3 additional derived features of gnathostomes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| derived from the same structure |
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Term
- chondrichthyans
- osteichthyans |
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Definition
| 2 groups within gnathostomes are |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 2 genera of lampreys (petromyzonformes) |
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Term
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Definition
| major characteristic of lamprey is |
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Term
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Definition
- most parasitic as adults
- round mouth and rasping toungue
- oral hood (unique)
- single nasal opening on top of head
- large eye
- 2 semicircular canals
- heart innervated by nervous system
- well developed kindney
- 7 pairs of gill pouches (tidal ventilation) |
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Term
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Definition
| spawn in fresh water and migrate out to sea for rest of life cycle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lives along bottom of ocean floor |
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Term
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Definition
- assemblage of jawless vertebrates
- extensive armored shell
- lack jaws (movable mouth plates arranged around small circular mouth)
- heterocercal tail
- most lack paired fins
- benthic |
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Term
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Definition
| tail where lobes are not symmetrical |
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Term
- dermal
- cerebellum
- tract |
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Definition
more derived characteristics of ostracoderms:
- bone for armor
- in hindbrain
- olfactory connecting olfactory bulb with the forebrain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- enclosed in pharyngeal pockets called opercular cavities
- unidirectional flow of water
- secondary lamellae for gas exchange |
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Term
| countercurrent exchange system |
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Definition
| direction of blood flow is opposite of water flow |
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Term
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Definition
| sucking, create pressure to push water over the gills, takes energy (goldfish) |
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Term
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Definition
| fish swims through the water with mouth open , water passes through mouth and out gills, no energy needed (shark) |
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Term
- single
- venosus
- atrium and ventricle
- bulbus arteriosus
- uunidirectional |
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Definition
circulation of fishes:
- circuit, low pressure system
- blood collects in sinus , flows through 2 chambers: and , and out
- flow of deoxygenated blood through heart |
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Term
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Definition
- used for buoyancy control
- gas-filled appendix to the anterior digestive system; dorsal to abdominal organs
- allows precise control of buoyancy by regulating volume of gas |
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Term
- agnatha
- chondrichthyes |
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Definition
| swim bladders are not found in |
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Term
- physostomous
- physoclistous |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| more ancestral type of swim bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| mpre derived condition of swim bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| and gas gland diffuse gases from blood into swim bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory cells that sense displacement of water |
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Term
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Definition
| electroreception uses organs |
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Term
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Definition
| maintaining homeostasis with respect to solute conentrations and water content |
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Term
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Definition
T or F?
Not a lot of fishes are osmoregulators. |
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Term
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Definition
| tolerate a narrow range of salinities in external environment |
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Term
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Definition
| tolerate a wide range of salinities in external environment |
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Term
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Definition
| for marine teleosts the internal concentration of solutes is than external |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- generate their own heat
- birds and mammals
- high metabolic costs
- wide range of habitats |
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Term
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Definition
- rely primarily on external heat source
- most invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, & fishes
- lower metabolic rates
- each species has particular range of tolerable temperatures |
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Term
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Definition
- maintain warmer body temperature without high metabolic costs
- conserve heat generated by active swimming muscles
- internal temps. remain fairly stable |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
- elasmobranchii
- neoselachii
- holocephali |
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Definition
| classifications of chondrichthyes |
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Term
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Definition
| extinct forms of chondrichthyes |
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Term
- galeomorphi
- squalomorphi
- batoidea |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| holocephali chondrichthyes are also called |
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Term
- cartilaginous endoskeleton
- placoid scales
- pelvic claspers
- lipid-filled liver
- high blood urea concentration
- unusual energy metabolism |
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Definition
| distinctive characteristics of chondrichthyes |
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Term
- lighten body
- provide flexibility |
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Definition
| cartilaginous endoskeleton developed for 2 things |
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Term
| prismatic endoskeletal calcification |
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Definition
| globular deposits of crystalline calcium in the superficial layers of cartilage in axial and appendicular skeleton |
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Term
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Definition
T or F?
As fish grows, placoid scales get bigger. |
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Term
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Definition
- these fish are generally large, predatory fish
- mouth subterminal; teeth in rows
- protrusible upper jaw
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| allows protrusion of upper jaw |
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Term
- small eyes
- heterocercal tail
- no operculum
- 5-7 external gill slits
- spiracle present
- single cloaca serves as anal & urogenital opening |
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Definition
| distinguishing traits of elasmobranchs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sharkline fishes with an anal fin |
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Term
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Definition
| sharklike fishes without an anal fin |
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Term
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Definition
| sharks have metabolism and growth |
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Term
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Definition
| important taxonomic character of sharks that correlates with food type |
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Term
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Definition
| (in sharks) layer of reflective guanine platelets behind the retina enhances nocturnal sensitivity |
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Term
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Definition
| 4th chamber of inner ear in sharks that detects direction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| skates and rays are diverse than sharks |
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Term
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Definition
| has the largest brain of all the world's fishes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
- 4
- absent
- cranium
- hyoid
- holostylic |
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Definition
distinguishing traits of holocephali:
- only single gill openings covered by soft tissue flap
- spiracle
- upper jaw fused to
- unmodified arch
- suspension |
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Term
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Definition
| fishes with fully ossified endoskeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| bone that replaces cartilage |
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Term
- sarcopterygii
- actinopterygii |
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Definition
| 2 major groups of osteichthyes |
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Term
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Definition
group of osteichthyes:
- fleshy finned fishes and tetrapods
- lungfishes, coelocanths |
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Term
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Definition
group of osteichthyes:
- ray-finned fishes
- msot diverse group of vertebrates |
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Term
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Definition
| derived forms of actinopterygii have a caudal fin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the name polypteriformes refers to |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| all acipenserida spawn in |
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Term
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Definition
| sturgeons are also called |
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Term
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Definition
| paddlefish are also called |
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Term
- gars
- bowfins
- teleosteans |
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Definition
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Term
- lepisosteiformes (gars)
- amiiformes (bowfins) |
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Definition
| 2 ancestral extant genera of neopterygii |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| teleosteans differ from all other gnathostomes by having sets of Hox genes instead of 4 |
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Term
- osteoglossomorpha
- elopomorpha
- ostariocluepomorpha
- euteleostei |
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Definition
| Teleosteans grouped into 4 clades: |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| modified gill arches that are mobile and move independently of primary jaw to aid in prey capture (teleosts) |
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Term
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Definition
| teleosts have a caudal fin |
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Term
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Definition
| osteoglossomorpha have a tongue and are known as fish since they can jump 3 feet out of the water |
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Term
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Definition
- most elopomorpha are like and marine
- characterized by (small head) larvae |
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Term
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Definition
| very diverse group that dominates freshwaters |
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Term
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Definition
| uses swim bladder as amplifier and chain of bones as conductors - more sensitive to sound and have broader frequency range of detection |
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Term
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Definition
| pheromones released into water when skin is damaged |
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Term
- Weberain apparatus
- Schreckstoff |
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Definition
| 2 distinctive derived features of ostariophysi |
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Term
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Definition
| single most recognizable characteristic of the enormous diversity of fishes |
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Term
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Definition
| coral reef fishes are dominated by |
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Term
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Definition
| of nearly 800 species of native freshwater fishes in U.S., ~ percent are imperiled |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
- facultative / obligatory air breathers (lungs and gills)
- predaceous behavior, can crush hard foods
- all are freshwater
- internal nares
- continuous dorsal fin
- cartilaginous skeleton |
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Definition
| 6 characteristics of dipnoi fishes |
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