Linguistics 

Cultural- living people

Biological- physical differences

Archaeology

Evolution man

natural selection

Public archaeology carried out with the goal of mitigating the effects of development on archaeological resources

1. Determine if will disturb ground

2. Inventory

3. Assessment 

4. Mitigation

Absolute (a chronology stated in terms of calendar years)

Relative (a chronology that places assemblages in a temporal sequence not directly linked to calendar dates)

1. Controlling horizontal and vertical space

a. Essential to modern archaeological excavation

b. Horizontal control achieved by using a grid system

c. Vertcal control achieved through use of the datum point

2. Recovery Methods

a. Screening of soil detects smaller artifacts

b. Wet screening detects evem finer pieces

c. Flotation used to recover botanical material

3. Recording Methods

a. Allow archaeologists to reconstruct the context of archaeological objects after excavation

b. Essential because archaeology is destructive

Geographic Information Systems 

1. Software applications that enable archaeologists to bring together different types of spatial data and examine them together

2. Software "layers" information allowing users to look at as few or as many types of information as needed at one time

Flustered by ostensibly week analogy-based , inferential arguments about: presence of humans, hunting strategy, group size, butchering practices

Questioned by middle-range research (answering how and especially why) that showed, in the context of uniformitarianism, how natural taphonic process could possibly account for site

Infrastructure: basic elements of human needs: food, shelter, reproduction, and health (How solves MAIN problems)

Structure: behavior that supports choices at the infrastructural level, including family, divison of labor, political organization, factions, education, heirarchies, police and warfare (Hoe decides who does what- main study)

Superstructure: society's value, rules, beliefs, symbols, etc., manifested as religion, art, sports, hobbies, or science, etc. (Foundation)

Intersite (Comparisons between two or more sites - for example, an analysis comparing the number of houses between sites in a region)

Intrasite (Having to do with contexts within a single site - for example, an analysis comparing the sizes and contents of different houses to try to determine the social structure of a society)

the system of economic and political thought developed by Karl Marx,  along with Friedrich Engels, especially the doctrine that thes

tate throughout history has been a device for the exploitation of

the masses by a dominant class, that class struggle has been themain agency of historical change, and that the capitalist system,containing from the first the seeds of its own decay, willinevitably, after the period of the dictatorship of the proletariat,be superseded by a socialist order and a classless society.

An archaeological site produced by a series of distinct brief occupations

a. frequent re-occupation of the same space for the same of different purposes lessens the probability that artifacts and ecofacts are "behaviorally" related

Rates of sediment deposition and post-depositional disturbance ("natural" and "cultural"), including various types of pedoturbation

1. Floralturbation- soil moves around by plants

2. Faunalturbation- animals move stuff around

3. Cryoturbation- soil freezes then infreezes

4. Agrilliturbation- wet/dry cycles with clay that push artifacts up

5. Graviturbation- due to gravity artifacts sink

L. Binford

refers to a usually futile tendency by many archaeologists to search for well preserved site and forego studying the more typical sites

Michelle Hegmon

1. Plenty of processual approach/scientific method

2. Coupled with a good dose of postprocessual/humanistic approaches

3. Quick to work with a diversity of stakeholders, including descendents of the people being studied

(you involve everyone who was involved)

1. Logistical preperationd geared to the kinds of sites being sought or identified problems to be studied or hypotheses to be examined/assessed (i.e., pre-field planning); including "Gumshoe" work or gathering background information by talking to knowledable locals

2. Finding/Recording the sites and cultural materials therein (i.e. field survey)

3. Generating data from observations (i.e., processing and analysis)

4. Explaining the data (i.e., "interpretation")

Disseminating the results (aka "presentations" and "publications") 

Refers to the accumulation of strata from geological and anthropogenic deposits

Archaeological layers, or strata, only emerge through stratigraphic analysis 

Strata- discrete layers in a stratigraphic research

Synchronic: studies make comparisons within a single period of time; the goal of synchronic studies is to understand the workings of a society at a given point in time

Diachronic: studies make comparisons between different time periods; the goal of diachronic studies is to understand processes that change through time

The Stone Age (Neolithic-polished stone tools) and Paleolothic- humans lived with now extinct animals)

Bronze Age

Iron Age

Alluvial- loose soil or sediments that get eroded, deposited, and reshaped by water in some form and non-marine setting

Colluvial- sediments that are transported and reshaped by gravity

Fluvial- river sediments

Lacustrine- lake sediments

Glacial Till- glacier sediments

James Hutton

The processes now operating to modify the Earth's surface are the same processes that operate long ago in the geologic past

had a near photgraphic memory. 

Saw that their were 2 main revolutions. The Neolithic revolution (led to emergence of villages practicing agriculture) the second was the urban revolution (appearance of cities and governments)

active Marxist

sure that we needed to focus on the changes in society

prehistoric rock shelter in Nevada where people camped for over 7,000 years. Discovered by David Thomas

vertical excavation

The site located near San Antonio, Texas

10,000 years of human occupation

plank houses that were covered by a massive landslide

in the Olympia Peninsula

major categories of artifacts- usually based on material of manufacture

NISP

Number of Identifiable Specimens

MNI

Minimum number of Individuals

thousands of years

(Quartz- when sun shines it absorbs light so see how long it has been buried)

"spot checking" areas and parts thereof as a means of gathering baseline data on site types and distribution thereof

(look for sites that look similar)

as was done a Chaco Canyon, search for large features-roads, canals, walls, house remains

(finding large mounds)

magnetic anomalies - is useful for finding burned buildings, hearths, ditches and pits with different magnetic signature

(good for finding buurial sites and graves)

1. In doing so, they search for holistic synthesis of past cultural patterns

2. Their focus is on the role of the individual and the feelings and thoughts of the long dead (i.e., and individual's lived experience)

Overarching framework for understanding a research problem or guiding a researcher's path, just as out "culture" tells us what is acceptable and what is not

guidlines for high-level theory and research questions

guidlines for constructing and testing hypotheses

1. can be caused by climate and biological agents

2. can move material around the site and distort stratigraphy

Shovel Tests, power augers, and backhoes

Unit- location in horizontal space

Lot- location in vertical space

Item/Sack- 3-point provenience within a given lot