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Definition
analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related (EDWARD TITCHENER)
concerned w/sensation & perception in vision,hearing,touch |
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| the careful systematic self-observation of one's own conscious experience |
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| psych should investigate the function and purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure (WILLIAM JAMES) stream of consciousness, mental testing, patterns of development, behavioral differences between the sexes |
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| inherited characteristics that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are more likely than alternative characteristics to be passed on to subsequent generations & thus come to be "selected" over time |
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| contains thoughts, memories & desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior (FREUD) |
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| attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior. people are not masters of their own mind, behavior is greatly influenced by how ppl cope w/ their sexual urges (FREUD) |
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| a theoretial orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior (JOHN B WATSON)-claims someone is made not born, cause for rise in animal research |
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| a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth ( ROGERS & MASLOW) contributed innovative treatments for psychological problems and disorders |
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| refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge |
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| examines processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of the species over the course of many generations |
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| uses theory and research to better understand the positive, adaptive,creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence ( MARTIN SELIGMAN) |
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| is the science that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie behavior and it is the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems |
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| the premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation |
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| a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations |
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| a purposeful, reasoned, goal-directed , thinking that involves solving problems, formulating inferences, working w/ probabilities and making carefully thought-out decisions |
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| involves evaluating alternatives & making choices among them |
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| the tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out |
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| a tentative statement about their relationship between two or more variables |
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| any measurable conditions,events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study |
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| describes the actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable |
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| the person's or animals whose behavior is systematically observed in a study |
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| data collection techniques |
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| procedures for making empirical observations & measurements |
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| a periodical that publishes technical and scholarly material, usually in a narrowly defined area of inquiry |
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| consist of differing approaches to the observation, measurement, manipulation, and control of variables in empirical studies |
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| a research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes in a second variable occur as a result. |
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| a condition or event that an experimentor varies in order to see its impact on another variable |
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| the variable that is thought to be the affected by manipulation of the independent variable |
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| consists of the subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable |
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| consists of similar subjects who do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group |
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| any variables other than the independent that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study |
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| occurs when 2 variables are difficult to sort out their specific effects |
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| of subjects occurs when all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition in a study |
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| exists between to variables that are related to each other |
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| a numerical index of the degree of relationship between to variables 0-1 positive 0--1 negative closer to +or-1 the stronger the correlation |
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| a researcher engages in careful observation of behavior w/o intervening directly w/ the subjects, less aritificial |
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| an in-depth investigation of an individual subject |
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| researchers use questionaires or interviews to gather info about specific aspects of a participants background & behavior |
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| the repetition of a study to see whether the earlier results are duplicated |
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| the collection of subjects selected for observation in an empirical study |
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| the much larger collection of animals or people from which the sample is drawn that researchers want to generalize about |
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| exists when a sample is not representative of the population from which is it was drawn |
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| substance that resembles a drug but has no pharmacological effect |
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| occur when participants expectations lead them to experience some change even though they recieve and empty, fake or ineffectual treatment |
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| a tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself |
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| a research strategy in which neither subjects nor experiementers know which subjects are in the experimental or control groups |
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Definition
| individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate and transmit info |
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Definition
| contains the cell nucleus and much of the chemical machinery common to most cells |
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| the parts of the neuron that are specialized to receive info, complexity of branching varies greatly |
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| a long, thin, fiber that transmits signals away from the soma to other neurons or to muscles or glands |
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Definition
| an insulating material that encases some axons, speeds up the transmission of signals that move along axons |
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Definition
| deterioration of myelin sheath |
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| small knobs at the tip of the axon that secrete chemicals call neurotransmitters which serve as messengers that may activate neighboring neurons (contain synaptic vesicles that contain neurotransmitters) |
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Definition
| a junction where info is transmitted from one neuron to another |
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| cells found throughout the nervous system that provide various types of support for neurons, outnumber neurons 10-1, play a complicated role in orchestrating the development of the nervous system in human embryo, may also send and receive signals |
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Definition
| of a neuron is its stable, negative charge when the cell is inactive (-70 millivolts) |
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Definition
| a very brief shift in neuron's electrical charge that travels along an axon, reverse of polarity (-70 to +50) |
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| absolute refractory period |
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Definition
| the minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin (1 or 2 milliseconds) |
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Definition
| a microscopic gap between the terminal button of one neuron and the cell membrane of another neuron |
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| chemicals that transmit info from one neuron to another |
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| small sacs within the buttons that store these chemicals |
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| postsynaptic potential (PSP) |
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Definition
| a voltage change at a receptor site on a postsynaptic cell membrane |
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Definition
| positive voltage shift that increases the likelihood that postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials (depolarization) |
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Definition
| negative voltage that decreases the likelihood that postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials (hyperpolarization) |
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Definition
| a process in which neurotransmitters are sponged up fromthe synaptic cleft by the presynaptic membrane |
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Definition
| a chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter (nicotine) |
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Definition
| a chemical that opposes the action of a neurotransmitter (curare) |
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Term
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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Definition
| made up of all those nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord |
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Definition
| bundles of neuron fibers that are routed together in the PNS |
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| somatic nervous system (SNS) |
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Definition
| made up of nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and to sensory receptors (PNS) |
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| axons that carry info inward to the CNS from the periphery of the body (SNS) |
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Definition
| axons that carry info outward from the CNS to the periphery of the body (SNS) |
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| autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
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Definition
| made up of nerves that connect the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles and glands, controls involuntary, visceral functions (PNS) |
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Definition
| mobilizes the body's resources for emergencies "fight-or-flight" response (ANS) |
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Definition
| conserves bodily resources, allows body to save and store energy (ANS) |
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| central nervous system (CNS) |
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Definition
| consists of the brain and spinal cord |
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| nourishes the brain & provides cushion |
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Definition
| semipermeable membrane that stops some chemicals from passing between the bloodstream and the brain |
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Definition
| connects the brain to the rest of the body through the PNS, houses bundles of axons that carry the brain's commands to peripheral nerves and that relay sensations from the periphery of the body o the brain |
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| part of the CNS that fills the upper portion of the skull, contains billions of interacting cells that integrate info |
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Definition
| involves destroying a piece of the brain, inserting an electrode into a brain structure and passing high-frequency electric current through it to burn tissue and disable the structure |
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| electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) |
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Definition
| involves sending a weak electric current into a brain structure to stimulate it |
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| computerized tomography (CT) |
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Definition
| computer enhanced Xray of the brain structure, image of a horizontal slice of the brain |
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| magnetic response imaging (MRI) |
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Definition
| uses magnetic fields, radio waves, and computerized enhancement to map out brain structure, 3D images of the brain w/ high resolution |
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| positron emission tomography (PETscan) |
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Definition
| use radioactive markers to map chemical activity in the brain over time |
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| functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) |
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Definition
| consists of several new variations of MRI techonology that monitor blood & oxygen flow in the brain to identify areas of high activity |
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| transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) |
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Definition
| a technique that permits scientists to temporarily enhance or depress activity in a specific area of the brain |
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Definition
| includes the cerebellum,medulla & pons |
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Definition
| attaches to the spinal cord, (breathing,maintaining muscle tone, & regulating circulation) |
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Definition
| bridge of fibers that connect the brainstem w/ the cerebellum, contains several clusters of cell bodies involved w/ sleep & arousal |
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Definition
| a relatively large & deeply folded structure located adjacent to the back surface of the brainstem,(coordination,equilibrium,physical balance, muscular movements, easily depressed by alcohol) |
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Definition
| the segment of the brainstem that lies between the hindbrain and forebrain, contains area concerned w/ integrating sensory processes, dopamine releasing neurons originate here, reticular formation |
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Definition
| the largest & most complex region of the brain, contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system & cerebrum |
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Definition
| a structure in the forebrain through which all sensory info (except smell) must pass to get to the cerebral cortex |
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Definition
| a structure found near the base of the forebrains that is involved in regulation of basic biological needs, controls ANS, four F's,thirst, sex drive & temp regulation |
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Definition
| a loosely connected network of structures located roughly along the border between the cerebral cortex and deeper subcortical ares, includes parts of the thalamus,hypothalamus,hippocampus, and the amygdala |
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Definition
| plays a role in memory processes |
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Definition
| may play a central role in learning of fear responses |
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| "pleasure centers" a bundle of axons that pass through the hypothalamus |
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Definition
| the largest & most complex part of the human brain, includes areas responsible fore learning, remembering, thinking, and consciousness iteself |
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Definition
| the convoluted outer lay of the cerebrum |
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Definition
| separated in the center of the brain by a longitudinal fissure |
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Definition
| the major structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres |
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Definition
| (back of the head) includes the cortical area where most visual signals are sent and visual processing is begun (primary visual cortex) |
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Definition
| includes the area that registers the sense of touch (primary somatosensory cortex) |
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Definition
| contains the area devoted to auditory processing (primary auditory cortex) |
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Definition
| contains the principle areas that control the movement of muscles ( primary motor cortex) (largest) |
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Definition
| the bundle of fibers that connects the cerebral hemispheres( the corpus callosum) is cut to reduce the severity of epileptic seizures , the two hemispheres become isolated & have 2 separate conscious worlds at the same time |
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Definition
| consists of glands that secrete chemicals into the bloodstream that help control bodily functioning |
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Definition
| the chemical substances released by the endocrine glands, long term regulation of basic bodily processes |
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Definition
| releases a great variety of hormones that fan out within the body, stimulating actions in the other endocrine glands, used in "fight-or- flight" |
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Definition
| affect the sexual glands, shape your sexual identity during prenatal development |
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Definition
| threadlike strands of DNA molecules that carry genetic info (23 pairs) |
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Definition
| DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission |
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Definition
| characteristics that are influenced by more than one pair of genes (skin color) |
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Definition
| researchers assess hereditary influence by examining blood relatives to see how much they resemble one another on a specific trait |
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Definition
| researchers assess hereditary influence by comparing the resemblance of identical & fraternal twins w/ respect to that trait |
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Definition
| assess hereditary influence by examining the resemblance between adopted children & both their biological and adoptive parents |
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Definition
| refers to the reproductive success of an individual organism relative to the average reproductive success in the population |
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| an inherited characteristic that increased in population b/c it helped solve a problem of survival or reproduction during the time it emerged |
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Definition
| a limited time span in the development of an organism when it is optimal for certain capacities to emerge b/c the organism is especially responsive to certain experiences |
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Definition
| the stimulation of sense organs |
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Definition
| the selection, organization, & interpretation or sensory input |
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Definition
| a form of electromagnetic radiation that travels as a wave moving, naturally enough, at the speed of light |
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Definition
| effects the perception of brightness |
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Definition
| effects the perception of color |
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Definition
| the mix of wavelength affects perception of saturation or richness |
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Definition
| a transparent eye structure that focuses the light rays falling on the retina |
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Definition
| close up objects are seen clearly but distant appear blurry (eyeball is too long) |
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Definition
| distant objects are seen clearly but close objects appear blurry (eyeball is too short) |
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Definition
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Definition
| the opening in the center of the iris that helps regulate the amount of light passing into the rear chamber of the eye |
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Definition
| the neural tissue lining the inside of the back surface of the eye; it absorbs light, processes images, and sends visual info to the brain |
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Definition
| hole in the retina (blind spot) |
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Definition
| specialized visual receptors that play a key role in daylight and color vision (sharp & precise detail) 7 million in each eye, mostly concentrated in the fovea, 3 types, red blue green,each has its own bipolar cell that has its own ganglion cell |
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Definition
| a tiny spot in the center of the retina that contains only cones; visual acuity is greatest in this spot |
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Definition
| specialized visual receptors that play a key role in night and peripheral vision, 120 million in each eye, mostly outside fovea, share bipolar cells which share ganglion cells |
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Definition
| the process in which the eyes become more sensitive to light in low illumination |
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Definition
| the process in which the eyes become less sensitive to light within high illumination |
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Definition
| of a visual cell is the retinal area that, when stimulated affects the firing of that cell |
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Definition
| quite specific on which stimulus make them fire |
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Definition
| also care about width & orientation but respond to any position |
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Definition
| cells that are particularly fussy about the length of a stimulus line |
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Definition
| neurons that respond selectively to very specific features of more complex stimuli |
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| ventral stream (after the visual cortex) |
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Definition
| processes the details of what objects are out there |
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| dorsal stream (after the visual cortex) |
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Definition
| processes where the objects are |
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Definition
| works by removing some wavelengths of light, leaving less light than was originally there, (yellow paint + blue paint =green) |
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Definition
| works by super imposing lights, putting more light in the mixture than exists in any one light by itself (white light= entire visible spectrum) |
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Definition
| encompasses a variety of deficiencies in the ability to distinguish among colors |
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Definition
| make do w/ only 2 color channels |
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Definition
| are pairs of colors that produce gray tones when mixed together |
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Definition
| a visual image that persist after a stimulus is removed ( the color of the afterimage will be the complementary color of the one u originally stared at) |
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Definition
| holds that color perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic responses to three pairs of colors (red v green, blue v yellow, black v white)occurs in ganglion cells |
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Definition
| a drawing that is compatible w/ 2 different interpretations that can shift back & forth |
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Definition
| a readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way |
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Definition
| involves the failure to see fully visible objects or events in a visual display |
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Definition
| the process of detecting specific elements in visual input assembling them into more complex form |
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Definition
| a progression from individual elements to the whole |
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Definition
| a progression from the whole to the elements |
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Definition
| the illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succession (tv & movies) |
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Definition
| an inference about what form could be responsible for a pattern of sensory stimulation |
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Definition
| involves interpretation of visual cues that indicate how near or far away objects are |
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Definition
| clues about distance based on differing views of the two eyes |
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Definition
| refers to the fact that objects w/in 25ft project images to slightly different locations on the right & left retinas, so the right and left eyes see slightly different views on an object |
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Definition
| clues about distance based on the image in either eye alone (linear perspective, texture,interposition,relative size,height in the plane,shading,aerial haze) |
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Definition
| cues about distance that can be given in flat picture |
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Definition
| is a tendency to experience a stable perception in the face of continually changing sensory input (shape, size) |
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Definition
| involves an apparently inexplicable discrepency between the appearance of visual stimulus & its physical reality |
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| objects that can be represented in 2D pictures but cannot exist in 3D space |
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Definition
| depends on the vibration of air molecules (pinna & eardrum) |
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Definition
| depends on the vibration of movable bones (ossicles-hammer,anvil,stirrup) |
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Definition
| depends on the waves in a fluid (cochlea, 3 semicircular canals) |
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Definition
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Definition
| a taut membrane that vibrates in repsonse |
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Definition
| (hammer,anvil, stirrup) convert relatively large movements w/ little force into smaller motions w/ greater force, serve to amplify tiny changes in air pressure |
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Definition
| a fluid-filled coiled tunnel that contains the receptors for hearing (neural tissue lies w/in), enter cochlea thru oval window |
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Definition
| runs the length of the spiraled cochlea, holds the auditory receptors, called hair cells |
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Definition
| convert physical stimulation into neural impulses sent to the brain |
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Definition
| holds that perception of pitch corresponds to the vibration of different portions, or places, along the basilar membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| holds that perception of pitch corresponds to the rate, or frequency, at which the entire basilar membrane vibrates |
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Definition
| made up of gustatory receptors(taste cells), line the trenches around tiny bumps on the tongue |
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Term
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Definition
| a gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulation (occurs in taste,smell,touch) |
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Definition
| smell receptors, hairlike structures located in the upper portion of the nasal passages (short life span) |
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Definition
| holds that incoming pain sensations must pass through a "gate" in the spinal cored that can be closed, thus blocking ascending pain signals |
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Term
| door-in-the-face technique |
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Definition
| involves making a large request that is likely to be turned down as a way to increase the chances that people will agree to a smaller request later |
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Term
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Definition
| people,objects, events, and other standards that are used as a baseline for comparison in making judgements |
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Definition
| the perception of a relationship where none exists (Chapman&Chapman) rorschach cards w/images and homosexuality |
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Definition
| useful for testing cause and effect |
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Definition
| use just one group, same subject gets both |
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Definition
| extent to which results generalize beyond original experimental situation aka external validity |
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Definition
| when the experimenter unintentionally influences the outcome of a study |
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Definition
| when the effect of one IV depends on the level of the other IV |
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Definition
| used to determine if an association exist between 2 variables, cant prove cause&effect,directionality problem, third variable problem |
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Term
| curvilinear relationships |
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Definition
| the "inverted U" ex: feeling of wellness vs. # of alcohol drinks consumed |
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Term
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Definition
| if stimulation from adjoining neurons is intense enough when it reaches the axon, ion channels open and sodium ions rush in |
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Term
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Definition
| as the AP advances, original voltage differential is restored |
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Term
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Definition
| (Ex Novocain) clogs up ion channels resulting in a longer abs refractory period, less neural impulses |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the neuron either fires or it doesnt, neurons convey strength of stimuli by varying the rate at which they fire, thicker axons transmit neural impulses more rapidly |
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Term
| sensations from extremities |
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Definition
| AP doesnt fade out from the beginning to the end of the axon |
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Term
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Definition
| several PSPs occur simultaneously at different receptor sites |
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Term
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Definition
| several PSPs occur in rapid succession at a single receptor site |
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Term
| PSP's in the dendrite & soma |
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Definition
| "graded" not all or none, potential to fade out |
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Term
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Definition
| frequency of firing,number of neurons that fire |
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Term
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Definition
| NT's diffuse across the synaptic cleft and "bind" in receptor sites of post-synaptic neurons.. lock & key |
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Term
| What happens to NT's after binding |
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Definition
| they are broken down by enzymes and flushed out of the system or reuptake |
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Term
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Definition
| an electrical storm in the brain, can be seen with EEG, due to lack of inhibitory NT's especially GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid), seizures controlled w/ drugs that increase GABA (valproic acid) |
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Term
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Definition
| partly due to "dopamine overactivity" in brain cells involved in thought and speech (2 much dopamine or too many dopamine receptor sites) Thorazine (antagonist) reduces levels of dopamine |
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Term
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Definition
| affects 1% over age 50, no "starter system" for movements, tremors, caused by death in the dopamine producing cells (substantia nigra) which supplies dopamine to the basal ganglia. mild park.-L-dopa, severe-dopamine producing brain grafts from aborted fetuses (40% improve sig) |
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Term
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Definition
| specialization of function for each hemisphere |
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Term
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Definition
| each hemisphere's primary connections are to the opposite side of the body |
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Definition
| at the same time each hemisphere is having their own separate awareness of the world |
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Definition
| thru the cornea, enters eye thru pupil, passes thru lens, then projected onto the retina |
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| 3 main layers of cells ganglion (translucent), bipolar (translucent), rods and cones |
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| small part of the electromagnetic spectrum we can see (359-750 nm) |
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| sensitive to all 3 wavelengths |
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| 1/40,000, missing all 3 pigments, see the world in black/white/gray |
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| transmit impulses to bipolar cells which in turn stimulate ganglion cells |
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| both needed, early stage:trichromatic theory, later stages, ganglion cells, thalamus visual cortex, follows opponent process theory |
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| visual pathway to the brain |
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| optic chiasm-LGN of the thalamus-visual cortex in the occipital lobe |
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| rely on other cells to give them info |
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| the brain simultaneously extracts diff kinds of info from a given input (all diff areas of the brain activated at the same time) |
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| the process by which we psychologically structure sensory input, ( the "Mind's Eye") |
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| figure ground, laws of grouping-similarity,proximity,closure,simplicity,continuity |
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| when 2 objects of the same size are perceived as being at different distance, the one farther away is perceived as being larger, (corners) |
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| converging lines, linear perspective |
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| illusion of directionality |
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| the moon looks bigger on the horizon than in the sky overhead |
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| horizontal-vertical illusion |
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| gateway arch in st. louis looks taller than it is wide.. same height n width |
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| psychology's "date of birth" |
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| The founder of psychology |
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| can be verified by anyone willing to make the required observations |
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| no need to study internal mental events b/c they cant be studied scientifically, environmental factors mold behavior although it is influenced by an organisms biological endowment, organisms tend to repeat things that lead to positive outcomes and not repeat things that lead to negative ones, free will is an illusion |
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| the brand of psych concerned w/ everyday, practical problems, not big til WW2 |
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| the branch of psych concerned w/ the diagnosis and treatment of psych problems and disorders, more after WW2 |
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| must study internal mental events to fully understand human behavior |
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| human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of the bodily structures and biochemical processes that allow organisms to behave |
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| American Psychological Association (APA) |
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| national organization devoted to the advancement of psychology |
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| psych is empirical,psych is theoretically diverse, psych evolves in a sociohistorical context, behavior is determined by multiple causes, behavior is shaped by cultural heritage, heredity & environment jointly influence behavior, people's experience of the world is highly subjective |
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| assumes that event are governed by some lawful order |
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| goals of scientific enterprise |
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| measurement & description, understanding and prediction, application & control |
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| steps in a scientific investigation |
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| 1.formulate a testable hypothesis, 2. select a research method and design the study 3.collect the data 4.analyze data and draw conclusions, 5. report the findings |
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| advantages of the scientific approach |
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| clarity & precision, relative intolerance of error, more accurate & dependable info than casual analysis |
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| only transmitter between motor neurons and voluntary muscles, contributes to attention, arousal and perhaps memory |
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| dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin |
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| used by neurons that control voluntary movements, degeneration of such neurons causes Parkinson's Disease |
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| plays a prominent role in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness, and eating behavior |
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| lower levels of serotonin and norepinephrine |
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| internally produced chemicals that resemble opiates in structure and effects, contribute to the modulation of pain |
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| contributes to the modulation of muscle reflexes, breathing and pain perception, regulates sleep and wakefulness, contributes to arousal, runs thru midbrain and hinbrain |
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| plays an important role in speech |
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| comprehension of language |
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| verbal,language,speech,reading, writing, positive emotions |
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| visual,spatial,musical,perceptions of other emotions, negative emotions |
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| 1. organisms vary in endless ways 2.these characteristics are heretable, 3.organisms ten to produce offspring at a pace that outstrips the local availability of food, living space and other crucial resources 4. if a specific heretable trait contributes to an organisms survival or reproductive success, organisms w/ that trait produce more offspring |
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| occurs when the curvature of the lens adjusts to alter visual focus, close up-rounder, distant - flatter |
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| colored ring around the pupil |
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| info processing in the retina |
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| light strikes the retina-triggers neural signals -move to receptors in the bipolar cells-ganglion cells- which send impulses along the optic nerve-which carries visual info encoded as neural impulses to the brain |
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| characterized by the amplitude, wavelength and purity, affect mainly perceived qualities ( loudness, pitch, timbre) |
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| causes damage to your auditory system |
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| sounds between 1000-5000hz |
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| combo of frequency & place coding |
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| sweet, sour, salty, bitter |
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| largely learned and heavily influenced by social processes |
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| insensitive to taste, 1/4 as many tastebuds and super tasters |
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| very sensitive to taste (more females than males) |
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| registers the localized pain and relays it to the cortex in a fraction of a second |
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| routed thru the limbic system which lags a second or 2 behind ( aching or burning after injury) |
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| the 2 eyes converge together to see something close (binocular cue) |
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| the process in visual perception leading to the sensation of depth from the two slightly different projections of the world onto the retinas of the two eyes |
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| neural activity in neighboring neurons is supressed, enhances contrast (hermann grid) |
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