Term
| What is a condition that does not change with time, has no net gain/loss of a substance, and can refer to a single or several compartments? |
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Definition
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Term
| What term descibes the situation where opposing forces are balanced, no net transfer of a substance, requires no energy, and describes the relationship between at least 2 adjacent compartments? |
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Definition
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Term
| When a variable is sensed, info is fed back to a controller, and an effector acts to oppose change, this is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an exaple of Negative Feedback that includes a regulated variable, sensor, controller, set point, feedback signal, and an effector? |
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Definition
| Thermostatic control of room temperature. the room temp=regulated variable, which is subject to disturbances. The thermometer=sensor, in the thermostat=controller, which detects room temp. The thermostat is set to a specific term=set point. The controller then compares actual temp with the set point=feedback signal and activates the furnace/AC=effector to correct the temperature. |
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Term
| What protein channels in the PM of cells allow for the flow of ions and small molecules between the cytosol of neighboring cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are second messengers? |
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Definition
| A protein or hormone transmit and amplify the first messenger signal to signaling pathways inside the cell |
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Term
| What equation gives the values of the electrical potential difference needed for a specific ion to be at equilibrium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are phospholipd molecules? |
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Definition
| They are molecules with long hydrocarbon chains and a carboxyl terminal group. |
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Term
| Which part of a phospholipd molecule is hydrophilic and which part is hydrophobic? |
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Definition
| The hydrocarbon chain is hydrophobic and the carboxyl terminal group is hydrophilic |
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Term
| Phospholipids make up what structure? And the hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties make this structure what? |
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Definition
Cell membrane-->Lipid bilayer;amphipatic |
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Term
| What term describes the concentrations of solutes that do NOT penetrate/enter the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Tonicity determines what? |
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Definition
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Term
| A chemical is liberated from a cell and diffuses a short distance through the extracellular fluid to act on nearby cells, what type of signaling does this describe? |
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Definition
| Paracrine (this affects the immediate environment and bind with high specificity to cell receptors on the plasma membrane of receiving cells) |
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Term
| A cell releases a chemical messenger into the extracellular fluid that binds to a receptor on the surface of the cell that secreted it, this is what type of signaling? |
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Definition
| Autocrine (this acts as a local hormone) |
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Term
| What type of signaling provides for rapid communication between body parts with conduction times measured in milliseconds? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of signaling uses slower and more diffuse communication and involves the release of a hormone into the bloodstream and the binding of the hormone to specific target cell receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of signaling involves the release of a hormone from a nerve cell and the transport of the hormone by the blood to distant target cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of specialized nerve cells convert neural signals into hormonal signals? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False, many neurotransmitters are also considered hormones. |
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Definition
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Term
| What protein molecules influence cell division, differentiation, and cell survival? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of growth factor enhances nerve cell development and stimulates the growth of axons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of growth factor stimulates the growth of epithelial cells in the skin and other organs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of growth factor stimulates the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of growth factor stimulates the proliferation of a wide variety of cells and mediate many of the effects of growth hormone? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False, active transport does not require the use of metabolic energy. |
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Definition
| FALSE, active transport does not happen without ATP |
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Term
| What is the most abundant ion pump in higher organisms? |
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Definition
Sodium-potassium pump
aka: Na+/K+ ATPase |
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Term
| In the Na+/K+ ATPase, does this pump leave more sodium or potassium inside the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the Calcium pump typically found? |
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Definition
| Plasma Membrane (PM), Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Membrane, Muscle Cells, and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) Membrane |
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Term
| Once Calcium has been pumped into a cell via the Ca++ATPase, where does it go? |
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Definition
| Extracellular Space or Lumen of Organelles |
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Term
| Is Ca++ in high or low concentration in the cytosol? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of ATPase is the Calcium pump? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is done by stimulating or opening Potassium channels causing water to leave the cell and decrease the number of particles in the cytosol? |
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Definition
Regulatory Volume Decrease |
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Term
| What 3 regions make up a tyrosine kinase receptor? |
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Definition
| A hormone-binding region which is exposed to the extracellular space, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic tail domain. |
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Term
| What are the agonists that bind to tyrosine kinase receptors? |
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Definition
Hormones and Growth Factor |
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Term
| The signaling cascades generated by the activationof tyrosine kinase receptors can result in what? |
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Definition
| Amplification of gene transcription and transcription of genes involved in growth, cellular differentiation, and movements. |
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Term
| What are the steps in signaling of a tyrosine kinase receptor? |
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Definition
1) agonist binds to extracellular receptor
2) the binding causes 2 agonist bound receptors to dimerize triggering the associated tyrosine kinases to activate
3) the activated TKs phosphorylate tyrosine residues present in the perviously formed dimer to fully activate the receptor
4) these "active" tyrosine residues now serve as "docking sites" for additionaly signaling molecules(which contain the SH2 domain
5) the binding of these SH2 domain containing molecules will signal pathways which lead to gene transcription |
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Term
| What are proteins that cause vesicles to dock and bind to the presynaptic terminal membane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 2 places are SNARES found? |
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Definition
| Vesicles (vSNARES) and the nerve terminal membrane (tSNARES) |
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Term
| What are examples of toxins that disrupt the function of SNAREs which prevent synaptic transmission? |
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Definition
| Tetanus and Botulism toxins |
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Term
| Why do the toxins blocking SNARE function cause devastating effects? |
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Definition
| Failure of neurotransmission between neurons and the muscles involved in breathing result in respiratory failure |
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