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Definition
| a single unit of protoplasm that is capable of an "independent" existence |
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| Groups of cells that work together with a common function |
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| Structures composed of several tissue types which funtion as a unit |
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| groups of organs sharing a common function |
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| Basic structure of cell membrane |
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Definition
| Phospholipid bilayer, proteins intermittent, oily, lipid molecules |
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Definition
| Vesicular process that brings matter into a cell |
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| Vesicular process that releases matter from a cell |
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| "cell eating"; cell reaches out with pseudopods, surrounds a particle, and engulfs it |
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Definition
| synthesize steroids and other lipids, detoxifies alcohol and other drugs, and manufactures all of the membranes of the cell |
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| "read" coded genetic messages (mRNA) from nucleus and assemble amino acids into the protein specified by the code |
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| Major func: Golgi apparatus |
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Definition
| synthesize CHO and certain lipids, puts the finishing touches on the protein and glycoprotein synthesis |
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Definition
| Break down proteins, nucleic acids, CHO, phospholipids, and other substances: "garbage disposals" |
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Definition
| Perform aerobic respiration: synthesizes most of body's ATP |
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Definition
| An intracellular cylinder composed of the protein tubulin, forming centrioles, the axonemes of cilia and flagella, and part of cytoskeleton; implicated in Alzheimer's |
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| Major func: Cilia/Flagella |
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Definition
| hair-like process, serve to propel matter across the surface of the epithelium, sensory; Flagellum: only functiona one in humans is the whip-like "tail" of a sperm cell |
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Definition
| an outgrowth of the plasma membrane, increase SA of the cell (esp good in absorption), some sensory func, smaller than cilia/flagella and lack axoneme |
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Definition
| a strand of DNS and protein carrying the genetic material of a cell's nucleus; normal # in humans = 46 |
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| General structural features of Epithelial cells (5 in total) |
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Definition
1. consist of sheets of cells
2. cells are connected by specialized junction.
. Presence of a Basal Membrane
4. Surface specializations
5 Regeneration |
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Term
| What are the general functions of the specialized junctions in epithelial cells? |
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Definition
| Cell to cell communication; prevent passage of materials between cells; hold cells together |
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Term
| Basal membrane/Basal Lamina |
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Definition
| A complex substance including proteins and CHO, underlying tissue that epithelial cells are bound to |
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| Surface specializations in epithelial cells |
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Definition
| ex: microvilli--facilitate absorption while cilia--facilitate movement of substances on surface of cell |
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| Regeneration in epithelial cells |
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Definition
| Active mitosis; most other cells do not have this capability |
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| Skin is made up of __________ layers/sheets |
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Definition
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Definition
| Special name of the sheet of cells that line blood vessels and the heart |
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| 3 major components of blood vessels (layers) |
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Definition
1. Inner layer: Epithelial
2. Sm muscle: constricts
3. Outer layer: connective tissue and nerves |
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Term
| 3 major functions of epithelial cells |
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Definition
1. Protective/barrier function-- keeps things in and keeps things out.
2. Absorption or diffusion-- absorption in the gut tract and diffusion for the blood vessels
3. All gland in the body are derived from epithelial cells: liver, thyroid, sweat glands, etc. |
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Term
| Classification of epithelial cells (2 main ways) |
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Definition
1. shape of cells: squamous, cuboidal, or columnar
2. Number of layers of cells: single or multi |
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Term
| Single and Multi-layered epithelial cells |
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Definition
1. Single layered: "simple epithelium", good for absorption or diffusion
2. Multi-layered: "stratified epithelium", better for protective/barrier func |
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| 3 shapes of epithelial cells |
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Definition
1. Squamous: flat
2. Cuboidal: cubes
3. Columnar: columns |
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Definition
| secretes its products onto another organ or onto the body surface, usually by way of a duct (ex: salivary glands) |
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Definition
| secretes its products directly into the blood stream (duct-less) |
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Term
| Is liver an endocrine or exocrine gland? |
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Definition
| An exocrine gland (secretes bile into ducts) but also secretes hormones into the bloodstream. |
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| Pancreas--exo or endocrine? |
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Definition
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Definition
| Single-celled exocrine glands derived from the columnar epithelium. Produce mucus to facilitate passage of material along the gut tract, and also produces protective mucus over mucous membranes (in respiratory tract) |
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Definition
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Definition
| epithelium, connective, nervous, muscle |
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| Loose Areolar connective tissue |
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Definition
| A very general kind of connective tissue. Contains cells, fibers, and ground substance |
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Term
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Definition
An analogy for the basic components of connective tissue
fruit chunks= cells
carrot sticks= fibers
jello= ground substance |
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Term
| What are the 3 basic elements that make up connective tissue? |
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Definition
| cells, fibers, ground substance |
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Term
| What is the ground substance (matrix) of connective tissue composed of? |
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Definition
| water, sugars, Calcium salts, some protein/CHO complexes |
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Term
| Cell types of connective tissue (there are 4) |
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Definition
| fibroblasts (*most common type of cell), adipose cells, macrophages, mast cells |
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Definition
| most common connective tissue cell type; synthesize and secrete the fibers and ground substance of CT, fiber-forming cell; synthesis |
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Term
Fibers + Ground Substance = ?
in CT |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fat storage, imp. for energy and water storage, insulation, protection, hormone storage |
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Definition
| engulf foreign particulate matter, believed to be imp in some immune responses and scar formation |
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Definition
| Contain granules of heparin and histamine; play a critical role in allergic reactions |
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Definition
| involved in preventing blood from clotting |
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Definition
| vasodilator (makes blood vessels "leaky") and constricts bronchial sm muscle |
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| 3 basic fiber types of CT |
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Definition
| collagen fibers (*major fiber type), elastic fibers, reticular fibers |
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Term
| 3 basic fiber types of CT |
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Definition
| collagen fibers (*major fiber type), elastic fibers, reticular fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| major fiber type, tensile strength of steel, are positioned parallel to lines of stress/force placed on tissue; are synthesized by fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and chondroblasts; major component of tendons and ligaments |
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Definition
| elastic! present in abundance in some ligaments and in elastic cartilage, lose elasticity with age |
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Definition
| similar to collagen fibers |
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Term
| Tendons and ligaments are formed largely by... |
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Definition
| Collagen fibers, highly ordered, and a "few" fibroblasts |
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Term
| Loose areolar CT (major components, func, and examples of location) |
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Definition
| composed of all fiber and cell types, serves as "packing tissue", ex: muscle fascia (tissue investing the muscles of the body) |
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Term
| Dense regular CT (major components, func, and examples of location) |
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Definition
| composed mainly of collagen fibers running parallel to each other, ex: tendons and ligaments |
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Term
| Elastic CT (major components, func, and examples of location) |
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Definition
| elastic fibers, ex: thick layer of elastic tissue in the group "elastic arteries" |
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Term
| adipose tissue CT (major components, func, and examples of location) |
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Definition
| 95% adipose cells; protection, support, and insulation; ex: surrounding the kidney |
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Term
| blood is a form of ______ tissue |
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Definition
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| cartilage and bone are both ______ tissue |
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Definition
| connective, the extracellular matrix form a rigid framework |
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Term
| Cartilage (main cell type?) |
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Definition
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Term
| Chondrocytes live in small spaces called _______? |
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Definition
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| The fibers and ground substance of cartilage are produced by? |
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Definition
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Definition
| most extensive type; forms embryonic skeleton and covers the surfaces of synovial joints |
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Definition
| extracelluar matrix is primarily collagen fibers and there is little ground substance; ex: intervertebral dics |
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Definition
| extracellular matrix has a lot of elastic fibers. Ex: nose and ear; structures provide flexibility and support |
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Term
| Major difference between cartilage and bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do the cartilage cells in the lacunae receive nutrients, Oxygen, etc? |
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Definition
| Diffusion through the ground substance |
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