Term
| Main agent for opening up west. Connected east and west coast, grew incredibly over the time period, owners were enticed to build out west by government offering incentives such as giving away land for free and low interest loans |
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Definition
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Term
| Government aid in order to convince farmers to move from east to west. Government would offer 160 acres and farmers were to improve it over 5 years and they would receive title to land. Government did not regulate land once it was given out |
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Definition
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Term
| Land given to states in order to finance agricultural and mechanical colleges in the west. Utilized to understand all parts of maintaining and improving farms |
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Definition
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Term
| Born a slave and received doctoral degree and then held a career as an educator. Part of woman-suffrage movement |
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Definition
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Term
| Grew faster than those in any other region of the country |
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Definition
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Term
| A period of white Democratic Party rule that lasted into the 1950s |
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Definition
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Term
| Began working in textile mills, city factories, or as servants |
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Definition
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Term
| By 1900, the ______ boasted a growing iron and steel industry, textile mills, and tobacco and timber-processing industries |
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Definition
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Term
| Installed first cigarette-making machine in his Durham, North Carolina plant in 1884 and by 1900, controlled 80% of all tobacco manufacturing in the United States. Robber baron. Marketed to 8-14 year old boys |
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Definition
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Term
| In 1884, ____________ invented Coca-Cola and sold the rights to ___________ and he improved the taste in 1889 |
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Definition
| Dr. John Pemberton, Asa Candler |
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Term
| During the 1880s, Southern urban growth was _______ the national average |
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Definition
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Term
| Southern industrial workers earned roughly ________ the national average manufacturing wage during the late 19th century |
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Definition
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Term
| In 1880, Massachusetts had _______ times as much bank capital as the entire South |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ of the textile-mill labor force by 1900 consisted of children under the age of 14 and women who worked 12 hours a day, 6 days a week |
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Definition
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Term
| Was only commodity accepted as credit in South |
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Definition
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Term
| Originated in Texas in the late 1870s. Provided members with discounts on supplies and credit. Claimed 1 million members by 1890 |
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Definition
| Southern Farmers' Alliance |
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Term
| He became driving force of Southern Farmers' Alliance in 1887 |
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Definition
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Term
| Formed in Texas in 1886. Had fewer landowners and more tenant and sharecroppers |
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Definition
| Colored Farmers' Alliance |
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Term
| Store crops in a warehouse, keeping the cotton off of the market until the price rose. The government would loan the farmers up to 80% of the value of the stored crops |
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Definition
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Term
| Appropriated the Alliance program and challenged Democrats in the South and Republicans in the West |
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Definition
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Term
| Opened settlement houses in black and white neighborhoods in the 1890s |
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Definition
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Term
| Promoted middle-class values in poor neighborhoods and provided them with a permanent source of services |
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Definition
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Term
| Involved women directly in public policy. Visited schools to educate children about the evils of alcohol, addressed prisoners, and blanketed mens' meetings with literature. Campaigned for restrictive liquor laws. Frances Willard was leader. Laws against rape |
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Definition
| Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) |
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Term
| Became first woman of the US Senate in 1922 |
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Definition
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Term
| Appeared in 1894 to preserve southern history and honor its heroes |
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Definition
| United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) |
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Term
| Many women worked for ______ _____ and some slipped into _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| A black journalist who was allowed to remain in his chosen seat on a train in 1885. The whites of the south were less afraid to have contact with colored people than the whites of the north |
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Definition
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Term
| Opened an African-American grocery store in Memphis in 1892 (The People's Grocery) |
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Definition
| Tom Moss, Calvin McDowell, and William Stewart |
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Term
| A critic of lynching who became an active civil-rights leader |
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Definition
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Term
| Much desegregation occurred in the North, but _______ of the nation's black population lived in the South |
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Definition
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Term
| Louisiana's segregation law did not violate the Constitution as long as railroads or the state provided equal accommodations for black passengers. Black facilities were rarely equal to their white counterparts |
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Definition
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) |
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Term
| Segregation statues collectively |
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Definition
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Term
| Looked at it as a way to stabilize politics and make elections more predictable |
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Definition
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Term
| Required citizens to pay to vote |
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Definition
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Term
| Granted the vote automatically to anyone whose grandfather could have voted prior to 1867 |
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Definition
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Term
| Black delegate _________ noted the irony of white people clamoring for supremacy when they already held the vast majority of the states elected offices |
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Definition
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Term
| Founded by Lugenia Burns Hope in 1908 and provided playgrounds and a health center and obtained a grant from a New York foundation to improve black education |
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Definition
| Atlanta's Neighborhood Union |
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Term
| Born a slave and enrolled in Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute and founded the Tuskegee Institute for black students in rural Alabama in 1881 |
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Definition
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Term
| African Americans should accommodate themselves to segregation and disfranchisement until they could prove their economic worth to American society. White people should help provide black people with the education and job training they would need to gain their independence |
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Definition
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Term
| First African American to earn a doctorate at Harvard. Promoted self-help, education, and pride |
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Definition
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Term
| An interracial organization dedicated to restoring African American political and social rights |
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Definition
| National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) |
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Term
| Helped transform the cattle industry because the cattle could be slaughtered and sent to the east without spoilage |
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Definition
| Refrigerated railroad cars |
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Term
| Branded to show ownership |
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Definition
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Term
| Invented barbed wire fence because it was inexpensive and easy to put up |
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Definition
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Term
| Big businessmen began ________ in the watering holes so the cattle could not get to them and fighting began because cattle owners began to suffer because their cattle could not get to the watering holes |
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Definition
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Term
| Native Americans killed Custer and all of his men. Only way to eradicate the cavalry was for many of the Native American tribes to band together. Approximately 2,500 Native Americans against approximately 200 soldiers |
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Definition
| Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) |
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Term
| Would split up tribes into families. Would provide Native Americans with up to 160 acres of land to live on and improve. Land given was unsuitable for farming |
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Definition
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Term
| All tribes on the reservations would get together at night to partake in this so the cavalry outlawed it and said it could be punishable by death |
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Definition
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Term
| Cavalry found out a peaceful tribe were practicing the Ghost religion. Soldiers first killed any man that could be considered warriors. Soldiers then killed all men, women, and children left in the village. Symbolized the death of the Plains Indian culture |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ had agriculture, while the _________ had transportation, industrialization, and agriculture |
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Definition
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Term
| Would provide land to farm and workers and property owners would split the crops. Property owners would make a contract so that the workers could possibly own the land one day but most would never actually own the land because of the way the contracts were written |
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Definition
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Term
| Elected in 1876, Inaugurated in 1877, Republican. There was a tie between his running mate, Samuel Tilden, and him so the preceding president, Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) chose him. Vetoed Chinese Exclusion Act |
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Definition
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Term
| Believed you should support the government regardless of their mistakes. Led by Roscoe Conkling |
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Definition
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Term
| Wanted to get rid of corruption at all costs. Led by James Blaine |
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Definition
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Term
| Elected in 1880, Republican. He was a Half-Breed and Chester Arthur was his Stalwart Vice-President. Alienated a large portion of Republican Party by choosing James Blaine as Secretary of State. Shot and died 11 weeks later |
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Definition
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Term
| Passed the Pendleton Act in order to make sure people who were the most qualified would get government jobs. Upset many Republicans and he was not re-elected. Was Garfield's vice-president and became president when Garfield died |
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Definition
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Term
| Elected in 1884 and upset Congress by vetoing a pension bill |
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Definition
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Term
| Tax on imports. Revenue for federal government |
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Definition
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Term
| Extremely high tax on imports that is designed to protect the US from foreign competition. Attempt to cut out foreign competition so Americans would buy American products |
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Definition
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Term
| Jewish girl from Russia. Wrote on immigrant issues, lectured widely, and worked for Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive Party |
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Definition
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Term
| Small area of Philadelphia that reflected the promise and failure of late 19th century America. Shallow worship of wealth and the veneer of respectability and prosperity covering deep economic and social divisions |
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Definition
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Term
| Between 1870 and 1900, the US transformed from an agricultural nation into the world's foremost industrial power, producing more than ______ of the world's manufactured goods |
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Definition
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Term
| Consolidation of all functions related to a particular industry, from the extraction and transport of raw materials to manufacturing and finished-product distribution and sales |
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Definition
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Term
| The merger of competitors in the same industry |
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Definition
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Term
| Consolidated much of American's steel industry within his Steel Company. Produced 1/4 of country's steel by 1900. Started out making $3 million a year to making $40 million a year. Sold his company for half a billion dollars. Philanthropist |
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Definition
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Term
| European immigrants received less than ________ a week and typically worked 10 hours a day, 6 days a week |
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Definition
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Term
| Small, cramped, poorly ventilated dwellings |
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Definition
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Term
| Girls under 16, made up ________ of the silk mills workforce |
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Definition
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Term
| Women receive ______ a week where men received ______ a week |
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Definition
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Term
| By 1900, _______ of wage-earning women were unmarried and under the age of 25 |
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Definition
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Term
| Was a banker that many railroad owners turned to for re-financing. Investment banker. Sold stocks and bonds. Andrew Carnegie sold his Steel Industry to him |
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Definition
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Term
| Oil merchant from Cleveland. Formed Standard Oil Company. Owned oil business from top to bottom. Competition was disappearing and profits were soaring. 1/3 of industrial production. Retired with $100 million |
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Definition
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Term
| Four-to-six-story buildings on tiny lots in urban slums with poor ventilation and light |
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Definition
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Term
| Founded by Jane Addams in 1889 and was the most famous settlement house |
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Definition
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Term
| Theory popular among industrialists, intellects, and some politicians, any intervention on behalf of the poor was of doubtful benefit. Led to wealth. Poverty resulted from flawed character of the poor |
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Definition
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Term
| Human race evolves only through competition. The fit survive, the weak perish, and humanity moves forward |
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Definition
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Term
| Captured country's imagination. Beginning in the late 1860s with a series of best-selling stories about rags-to-riches heroes |
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Definition
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Term
| Depressions of 1873 and 1893 threw as many as _________ laborers out of work |
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Definition
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Term
| Railroad strike of 1877. President Hayes dispatched federal troops to deal with railroad workers. More than 100 had been killed in the end |
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Definition
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Term
| A union of craft workers that grew dramatically after the Great Uprising under the leadership of Terrence V. Powderley. Welcomed black and women workers. Nearly 1 million members by 1886. Led movement for 8 hour work day. Fewer than 100,000 members by 1890. Excluded bankers, lawyers, liquor deals, speculators, and stock brokers |
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Definition
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Term
| Founded in 1886 and became major organizing body for skilled workers. Led by British immigrant Samuel Gompers. Discouraged political activism. Better pay, conditions, and hours |
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Definition
| American Federation of Labor (AFL) |
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Term
| Negotiations between management and union representatives |
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Definition
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Term
| Union workers hired in place of striking workers |
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Definition
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Term
| Led American Railway Union (ARU) and went to jail for 6 months |
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Definition
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Term
| Series of violent attacks on Jewish settlements sanctioned by the government |
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Definition
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Term
| Entire villages migrated, drawn by the good fortune of 1 or 2 compatriots |
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Definition
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Term
| Typically got their first job with the help of a countryman who provided housing, loans, and other services for them |
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Definition
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Term
| Target was no longer Irish Catholics, but even more numerous Catholics and Jews of Southern and Eastern Europe |
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Definition
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Term
| Limited citizenship to "white persons and persons of African descent" Not lifted until 1943 |
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Definition
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Term
| Made Chinese only ethnic group in the world that could not immigrate freely into the US |
|
Definition
| Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) |
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Term
| Sought to limit Catholic civil rights in the US to protect the jobs of Protestant workingmen |
|
Definition
| American Protective Association (APA) (1887) |
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Term
| Proposed to require prospective immigrants to pass a literacy test that most southern and eastern Europeans would presumably fail |
|
Definition
| Immigration Restriction League (IRL) (1894) |
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Term
| By 1910, ______ _______ lived in all-electric homes with indoor plumbing |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Railroad journey from Ogden to Promontory Summit, Utah on May 10, 1869 |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Enabled Native Americans to move freely over the plains and use the energy stored in the valuable grasses |
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Definition
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Term
| Provided meat, hides, bones and horns for tools, and focus for spiritual life for the Native Americans |
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Definition
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Term
| John Chivington, a Methodist minister who had organized Denver's first Sunday school, led a militia force to the Sand Creek camp of a band of Cheyennes under Black kettle. Attacked without warning |
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Definition
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Term
| US abandoned Bozeman Trail and other routes and military posts on Sioux territory. Whites killed hordes of buffalo to feed construction crews and to prevent buffalo from obstructing railway traffic |
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Definition
| 2nd Treaty of Fort Laramine (1868) |
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Term
| Americans wanted to change Indian religious and family life, train Indian children in Protestant beliefs, and force Indians to accept private-ownership and market capitalism |
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Definition
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Term
| Founded communities, stimulated railroad construction that brought further development, and contributed to the disorderly heritage of the frontier |
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Definition
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Term
| Consisted of flimsy shanties, saloons, crude stores, dance halls, and brothels. Population was mostly male. Violence against immigrants was prevalent |
|
Definition
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Term
| Required massive capital investment to build reservoirs, ditches, and troughs to power high-pressure water cannons that would pulverize hillsides and uncover mineral deposits. Deposited debris in canyons and valleys to a depth of 100 feet or more, clogged rivers, and caused flooding and buried thousands of acres of farmlands |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Transformed miners into wage workers with restricted opportunities |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| One of the nation's largest and most militant unions |
|
Definition
| Western Federation of Miners (1893) |
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Term
| Opened by Texans through Indian territory to drive their cattle northward toward Abilene |
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Definition
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Term
| Consisted of grocers, tailors, bootmakers, laundresses, barbers, druggists, blacksmiths, lawyers, and hotelkeepers. Contributed to growth of urban frontier |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Killed over 100 people they viewed as challenging their power |
|
Definition
| Fence-Cutters War of 1883-1884 |
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Term
| Larger ranchers, their foreman, and hired Texas gunmen set out with a list of 70 people to eliminate |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Replaced nutritious grasses with sagebrush, Russian thistle, and other plants livestock found unpalatable |
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Definition
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|
Term
| First time government placed regulations on railroads. Was not heavily enforced |
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Definition
| Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 |
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Term
| The only way to fight capitalism was to become a capitalist. Invited men of all races, women, immigrants, unskilled and skilled laborers to join the National Labor Union |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Established the Woman's National Republican Association in 1888 and built it into an organizing machine for the Republican Party and with numerous states and local clubs |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Championed abolition of alcohol but also supported electoral reforms such as woman suffrage, economic reforms such as railroad regulation and income taxes, and social reforms including improved race relations. Won 1/4 million votes |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Denounce the infamous financial legislation which takes all from the many to enrich the few. Stimulate and democratize economy |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Both men and women. 1 million members by 1879. Public regulation of rates charged by railroads and gain elevators helped convince Midwestern states to pass Granger laws |
|
Definition
| Patrons of Husbandry (the Grange) (1867) |
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Term
| Objected tariffs and government regulations farmers favored as interfering with natural economic laws. Honest and efficient government through civil service reform. Organized National Civil Service Reform League |
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Definition
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|
Term
| By mid-1890s, gained women suffrage in Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, and Utah and partial suffrage in many other states |
|
Definition
| National American Woman Suffrage Association |
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|
Term
| Investigated conditions of women and children in workshops and factories and successfully campaigned for protective labor legislation and compulsory school-attendance laws |
|
Definition
| Illinois Woman's Alliance (1888) |
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|
Term
| Political club for women concerned with education, sanitation, public health, and police and fire protection |
|
Definition
| Woman's Municipal League (1894) |
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|
Term
| Victorious politicians awarded government jobs to party workers with little regard for qualifications, and ousted previous employees |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Prohibited federal employees from soliciting or receiving political contributions from government workers and created Civil Service Commission to administer competitive exams to applicants for government jobs |
|
Definition
| Pendleton Civil Service Act |
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|
Term
| Raised tariffs to prohibitive levels |
|
Definition
| McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 |
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|
Term
| State governments had the right to regulate private property when it was devoted to public use |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Only federal government could regulate interstate commerce |
|
Definition
| Wabash St. Louis and Pacific Railway v. Illinois |
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|
Term
| Investigated and prosecuted violations of prohibiting rebates, discriminatory rates, and pooling |
|
Definition
| Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) |
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|
Term
| Prohibited combination in restraint of trade (any attempt to restrict competition). Made monopolies and trusts illegal |
|
Definition
| Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) |
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Term
| Limited money supply to ensure economic stability, maintain property values, and retain investor confidence |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Major parties had failed to take the side of the people and instead supported the great moneyed institutions |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Required government to buy and coin at least $2 million of silver a month |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Treasury had to buy a larger volume of silver and pay for it with treasure notes redeemable in either gold or silver |
|
Definition
| Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 |
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Term
| Men and women of producing class stood against encroachments of monopolies and in opposition to the growing corruption of wealth and power. Free silver, government control of railroad, and banking reform, all to no avail |
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Definition
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|
Term
| New laws regulated banks and railroads and protected debtors by capping interest rates and restricting mortgage foreclosures |
|
Definition
| The People's (Populist) Party |
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Term
| Former Greenbacker James B. Weaver was presidential candidate and rejected laissez-faire policies of old parties. Won more than 1 million votes |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Government should not intervene in economy, especially through regulation |
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Definition
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|
Term
| _________ of labor force was unemployed during the Depression of 1893 |
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Definition
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Term
| Populist businessman from Ohio who proposed a government public-works program for the unemployed to be financed with paper money. Would provide jobs for unemployed and provide an inflationary stimulus to counteract depression's deflationary effects |
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Definition
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|
Term
| March of unemployed to Washington as a petition with boots on to support his ideas |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Gutted Sherman Antitrust Act ruling manufacturing, as opposed to commerce, way beyond reach of federal regulation |
|
Definition
| United States v. E.C. Knight Company |
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Term
| Republican presidential candidate was William McKinley and Democratic presidential candidate was William Jennings Bryan |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| __________ of acres of forest were cut down setting the stage for erosion, floods, and dust bowls during the expansion of the West |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| From 1865 to 1890, the white population of the West increased _________ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The discovery of _______ in Colorado and Dakota, _______ in Nevada, and ______ in Montana and elsewhere brought about huge mining complexes and, soon, problems between miners and mine owners |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Mexican owners of vast tracts of land in Texas, California, and much of the remaining Southwest saw their lands _______ _________ as new settlers arrived |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| New South philosophy did much to justify the buildup of southern _________ and ________ _________, but southern workers' per capita income remained only 2/5 of the national average |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Reached an all-time high during the 1890s, averaging about 188 per year |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Disappointed office seeker who shot Garfield and caused Garfield to die 11 weeks later, on September 19, 1881. Found guilty and hanged even though his lawyer tried the insanity plea |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Grover Cleveland was the Democratic presidential candidate and Benjamin Harrison was the Republican presidential candidate, whose grandfather was the former president William Henry Harrison. Cleveland polled more popular votes, but Harrison won in the Electoral College |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Passed Sherman Antitrust Act and the McKinley tariff, which raised rates on agricultural goods as well |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| When competing companies agreed to raise prices in all competing companies |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Elected for the second time in 1892 |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| By 1920, more Americans lived in the ________ than in the __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Played a large role in the transition from countryside to city living |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Powered inventions of people like Edison and Bell, ran the factory machines and city trolleys, lighted the city streets, and illuminated houses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Made possible the automobile, which in turn created a new transportation revolution and spurred the growth of subsidiary industries, such as oil refining and rubber manufacturing |
|
Definition
| Internal combustion engine |
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|
Term
| A radical organization that called for one big union of all workers - regardless of their skill, race, or ethnic background - the violent overthrow of capitalism |
|
Definition
| Industrial Worker's of the World |
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|
Term
| Arrived in the 1890s and by 1910, thousands of movie theaters offered hundreds of thousands of customers and chance to experience the new world of cinema |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Led by anarchists on behalf of the Knights of Labor. August Spies, an anarchist and labor agitator called for a protest. Meeting was held on May 4, 1885 and as the meeting was breaking up, police charged the crowd. Somebody threw a bomb, killing police and protesters |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Occurred at Homestead Plant owned by Andrew Carnegie. Director of plant was Henry Clay Frick who came up with a new wage system that would cut employee wages, some as much as 25%. Frick closed plant for negotiations and then decided to not negotiate by hiring 300 Pinkerton agents to help strikebreakers through the line |
|
Definition
| The Homestead Strike (1892) |
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|
Term
| George Pullman cut worker's wages and they went on strike. Asked Governor John Altgeld to send him troops and was refused. Pullman appealed to Cleveland who said that the strike was interfering with the mail. Cleveland told the American Railway Union they would have to stop striking. Their leader, Eugene Debs went to jail for 6 months. Cleveland sent troops and this showed that workers had no federal support |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Embraced things like government regulation of the railroad and the telegraph. Ran in the election of 1892 with James Weaver as their presidential candidate |
|
Definition
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