Term
| _______ is the total knowledge of poisons including chemical properties, identification, biological effects, and treatment of disease caused by the poison. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is any solid, liquid, or gas that when introduced into a biologic system can interfere with the life processes of the cells of that organism by its own inherent qualities. Effects at the molecular level, the organism, or a population. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is less harsh than a poison and is especially common in feed additives, drugs, etc. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is a poison that originates from biological processes. |
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Definition
Toxin
It includes biotoxins, zootoxins, mycotoxins, and phytotoxins. |
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Term
| _____________ refers to the adverse effects of poisons on a living system. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________ is the disease state of being poisoned. |
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Definition
Toxicosis
Note: poisoning is the same definition, but implies more serious or acute effects. |
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Term
| ___________ is the quantity or amount of toxicant that under a certain set of conditions will cause adverse effects. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: the ability to produce poisoning is often expressed as ug toxiccant per kg body weight (ug/kg). |
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Definition
False: usually expressed as mg/kg
In addition, a unit of time is also usually given (mg/kg/day, for example) |
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Term
________________ are the most frequently poisoned animal:
a. Dogs/cats
b. Sheep
c. Cattle
d. Horses
e. Swine |
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Definition
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Term
| List the three toxins that are the first 50% of all toxicosis/poisoning cases: |
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Definition
Lead (cattle)
Copper (sheep)
Antifreeze (dog/cat) |
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Term
| T/F: toxin diagnosis is related to heavily managed facilities, with most cases coming from casual management. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: signs of toxicosis are often very specific for the toxin encountered. |
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Definition
| False--signs of toxicosis are often general--history is critical |
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Term
| T/F: the dosage of the toxin determines whether the animal's biological system can prevail and what response is generated. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: the LD50 provides a comparison among different chemicals under the same conditions of exposure. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: the LD50 takes into accound the severity of a toxicosis and clinical characteristics. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: the LD50 holds a relationship to chronic toxicity. |
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Definition
| False: no relationship to chronic toxicity or other effects |
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Term
| The ________ is the amount of a substance that is lethal to 50% of a population under controlled conditions. |
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Definition
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Term
For each of the following acronyms, give their meaning:
NOEL
NOAEL
HNTD
LOAEL
MLD
TI
MOS/SSM |
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Definition
NOEL = No Observed Effect Level
NOAEL = No Observed Adverse Effect Level
HNTD = Highest Non-Toxic Dose
LOAEL = Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level
MLD = Minimum Lethal Dose
TI = Therapeutic Index (LD50 / ED50)
MOS/SSM = Margin of Safety or Standard of Safety Margin (LD1 / ED99) |
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Term
| ______________ is a measure of cumulative toxicity or continued organ damage and is measured by the acute LD50 / 90-day LD50. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________ is the likelihood of poisoning occurring under the conditions of usage. |
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Definition
Risk/hazard ratio
toxicity (mg/kg) : use level (mg/kg) |
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Term
| Which individual determined that specific chemicals were actually responsible for the toxicity of a plant or animal poison? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is often referred to as the founder of toxicology? |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is any foreign substance taken into the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: xenobiotics, in any amount, are toxic to the body. |
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Definition
False: in small amounts they may be non-toxic or even beneficial.
Examples include alcohol, carbon monoxide, secobaraital, aspirin, and ibuprofen |
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Term
| ___________ are toxicants that cause immediate death or illness when experienced in very small amounts. |
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Definition
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Term
| If an invading organism excretes chemicals that are the basis for toxicity, the excreted substances are known as ___________ _________. The organisms themselves are known as ___________ __________. |
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Definition
Biological toxins
Toxic organisms
Example: tetanus |
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Term
| _______________ is the amount of a xenobiotic encountered in the environment. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ is the actual amount of the exposed dose that enters the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______________ is the quantity administered usually orally or by injection. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ is the sum of all individual doses. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Fractioning a total dose usually decreases the probability that the total dose will cause toxicity, because the body can often repair the effect of each subtoxic dose if sufficient time passes before receiving the next dose. |
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Definition
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Term
| How are environmental exposure units quantitatively expressed? |
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Definition
As the amount of xenobiotic in a unit of media
mg/liter for liquids
mg/g for solids
mg/cubic meter for air |
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Term
Give the appropriate percentages for the following standard deviations:
1 standard deviation
2 standard deviations
3 standard deviations |
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Definition
1 SD = 68.3%
2 SD = 95.5%
3 SD = 99.7% |
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Term
| T/F: the dose-response curve usually takes the form of a sigmoid curve. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___________________ for toxic effects occurs at the point where the body's ability to detoxify a xenobiotic or repair toxic injury has been exceeded. |
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Definition
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