Term
|
Definition
| Proposed that the mind and body were separate and interacted via the pineal body. (Mind-body Dualism) |
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Term
| Psychophysical parallelism |
|
Definition
| Physiological and mental events occur in paralle but do not cause one another. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Consciousness is only a byproduct of the action of the brain. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Sparked a revolution with his studies; showed that neurons were the "structural and functional entities of the nervous system". (Neuron Doctrine) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Principal cells of the nervous system. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| DNA is contained in the nucleus. The nucleolus produces ribosomes. |
|
|
Term
| Where does protein synthesis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dendrites and axons extending from the soma or cell body. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Branch close to the soma in a tree-like fashion and typically receive inputs from other neurons. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| May branch, sometimes extend long distances from the soma and convey messages to other neurons, muscles or glands. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| About 80% of cells in the nervous system are glial cells which play a supportive role in the nervous system. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Glial cells that in the brain and spinal cord that control the passage of substances from blood vessels to neurons and remove debris. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Form a fatty sheath around axons which speeds message transmission. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Insulation of axons in the central nervous system |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Insulation of axons in the PNS |
|
|
Term
| What is the neuron doctrine and what are the philosophical roots of modern neuroscience? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of the neuron and the functions of the intracellular organelles and neurites? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Phospholipid bilayer, outside is phosphate groups and the inner of lipids. Function: to separate charge and provides the basis for electrical coding of information in neurons. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Ions are charged atoms. Sodium, potassium, and chloride ions are most important for neural signaling. The flow of ions across the membrane is the basis for the coding of information by neurons. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Specialized proteins in the membrane act as pores or channels for ions such as sodium (Na+). |
|
|
Term
| Ion channels are selective based on... |
|
Definition
| Size, charge and waters of hydration of the ion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A protein pump in the membrane concentrates Na+ outside the membrane and K+ inside. This is a protein molecule in the plasma membrane which moves ions against their concentration gradients and concentrates potassium inside the neuron and sodium ions outside the neuron. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The action of the Sodium-Potassium pump builds up the concentration gradients for each ion. |
|
|
Term
| What direction ions flow in respect to these concentration gradients? |
|
Definition
| Ions tend to flow back down these gradients. Sodium tends to leak into the cell and potassium tends to leak out. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Electrical voltage across the membrane which would just balance the concentration gradient.
Ex. a positive charge inside the membrane would tend to oppose the tendency of sodium to leak in.
Electrical gradient equal and opposite the concentration gradient for each ion. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Specifies the relationship between the concentration gradient for an ion and its equilibrium potential.
Predicts the equilibrium potential for an ion |
|
|
Term
| What does the equilibrium potential mean in terms of Na+ = +55mv? |
|
Definition
| This means that Na+ would not flow through the membrane if the membrane potential was +55mv. |
|
|
Term
| What does the equilibrium potential depend on? |
|
Definition
| Concentration gradients and charge |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The net membrane potential (V) due to the flow of each ion down its electrochemical gradient. Predicts the membrane potential based on the concentration gradients and membrane permeability to all ions. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A net negative charge across the membrane due to the membrane being more permeable to K+ than to Na+, resulting in more potassium ions leaking out of the membrane than sodium leaking in, produces a unstimulated state as ions flow down their electrochemical gradients |
|
|
Term
| What would happen the membrane potential if K+ permeability increased? |
|
Definition
| It will be come more negative. |
|
|
Term
| What would happen to the membrane potential if Na+ permeability increased? |
|
Definition
| It will become more positive. |
|
|
Term
| What would happen if K+ permeability decreased? |
|
Definition
| It will become more positive. |
|
|
Term
| What would happen if Cl- permeabiltiy increased? |
|
Definition
| It will become more negative. |
|
|
Term
| What events occur during the ascending and descending phases of the action potential? |
|
Definition
| In the ascending phase, Na+ permeability increases and membrane potential rapidly shifts toward the sodium equilibrium potential. In the descending phase, K+ leaves the cell, returning the gradient to the resting state. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Transient negative shift due to additional potassium currents which prevents an action potential from traveling back to the way it came. An action potential cannot occur during absolute refractory period. During a relative refractory period, a stronger than normal stimulus can trigger an action potential. [image] |
|
|
Term
| Why is the resting state of membrane potential approx. -60 mv? |
|
Definition
| It is close to K+ equilibrium potential because K+ is more permeable than Na+. |
|
|
Term
| What is the flow of K+ and Na+ during resting state? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Slight stimulus causing nerve membrane to depolarize. They are graded potentials. |
|
|
Term
| What increases the size of the generator potential? |
|
Definition
| Increasing the stimulus strength. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Changes in membrane potential such as those produced by stimulation of sensory receptors whose amplitude varies with the stimulus strength.
-As stimulus strength increases, the size of the generator potential increases.
-Graded potentials spread from the place they are engendered by electrotonic spread but do not propagate. |
|
|
Term
| How and why does an action potential propagate? |
|
Definition
| Propagates without decrement along axons in an all-or-none manner. It propagates because the strong depolarizing phase causes the surrounding membranes to depolarize to the threshold point. |
|
|
Term
| The ascending phase of action potential is caused by the opening of... |
|
Definition
| voltage-gated sodium channel |
|
|
Term
| The descending phase of action potential is caused by... |
|
Definition
| time-dependent closing of sodium channel and delayed opening of voltage-gated potassium channels. |
|
|
Term
| Why do action potentials propagate more rapidly in thicker axons? |
|
Definition
| Because electrotonic spread is greater. |
|
|
Term
A=
B=
C (peak)=
D(minimum)=
E= |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When are voltage-dependent channesl open? when are they closed? |
|
Definition
| They are open during depolarization and closed during resting state. |
|
|
Term
| What causes Na+ channels to open? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do sodium channels inactivate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What repolarizes the membrane after action potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when a stimulus just exceeds the threshold? |
|
Definition
| It produces action potentials at a slow rate. New action potentials start after relative refractoriness. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when a strong stimulus exceeds the threshold? |
|
Definition
| Produces action potentials at a faster rate, these new action potentials start during relative refractoriness. |
|
|
Term
| Action Potential Propagation: describe what is happening. |
|
Definition
| Ions not only flow through the membrane but within it as well. [image] |
|
|
Term
| What happens during action potential propagation? |
|
Definition
| Surrounding parts of the membrane get depolarized to threshold. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spread of depolarization away from the action potential is increased by myelinization. It increases the propagation speed of action potentials because the initiation of action potentials only occur at the nodes of Ranvier. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| point of functional contact between two neurons. |
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitter substances |
|
Definition
| most synapses are associated with the release of these chemical messengers. |
|
|
Term
| Synaptic transmission can be ___ or ____. |
|
Definition
| Electrical and chemical. Electrical synapses are gap junctions in which ions flow directly across the synapse. In chemical synapses, molecules are stored in vesicles in the presynaptic terminal and released into the synapse when the action potential invades the synpase. |
|
|
Term
| Step 1 of synaptic transmission |
|
Definition
| Action potentials cause presynaptic vesicles with neurotransmitters to move towards and fuse with the terminal membrane. [image] |
|
|
Term
| Step 2 of synaptic transmission |
|
Definition
| Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft and binds to receptor sites on the postsynaptic membrane. [image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Membrane potential changes brought about by the action of neurotransmitter molecules. EPSPs or IPSPs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials - depolarizations caused by neurotransmitters that move the membrane potential closer to threshold [image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials - hyperpolarizations caused by neurotransmitters that move the membrane potential farther from threshold [image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when two or more action potentials invade the synapse close together in time so that the effects of neurotransmitter released by each action potential can combine postsynaptically at receptor sites. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| EPSPs and IPSPs from different synapses can spread along the membrane and summate spatially. It occurs when two or more inputs to a neuron are active at nearly the same time. The postsynaptic potentials resulting from each spread electronically along the membrane to the axon hillock. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a patch of membrane is depolarized, causing ions to flow from the inner membrane on out, adjacent areas become depolarized as well. |
|
|
Term
| What are three types of synapses? |
|
Definition
| [image]Axodendritic, axosomatic, and axoaxonal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Usually excitatory. Each contributes only a small amount to the net depolarization of the neuron. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They are close to the axon hillock (since action potentials are generated on the axon hillock, synaptic inputs located close to it are more likely to fire a neuron than those located on remote dendrites) and are often inhibitory and can exert great influence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can either faciliate or inhibit the release of neurotransmitter from another axon terminal, thus they tend to modulate synaptic functioning. Inhibitory inputs located close to the axon hillock tend to block the production of action potentials despite many excitatory inputs on remote dendrites. |
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitter action is terminated by ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitter released from ______ causes ion channels to open or close on the _____. |
|
Definition
| presynaptic terminal; postsynaptic membrane. |
|
|
Term
| Release of neurotransmitter is brought about when ____ enter the ____ in response to____. |
|
Definition
| Calcium ions; presynaptic terminal; depolarization of the terminal by an action potential. |
|
|
Term
| Forebrain consists of ___ and ___. |
|
Definition
| telencephalon; diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| Hindbrain differentiates into the ____ and ____. |
|
Definition
| Metencephalon; myelencephalon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cerebral hemispheres, olfactory bulbs, basal ganglia, and limbic system.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Midbrain tectum (or roof) and tegmentum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dorsoventral and rostrocaudal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Three covering membranes surrounding the brain; dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater. [image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Set of structures containing the cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. Made from lumen of neural tube. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Made by vascular tufts called choroid plexus. |
|
|
Term
| ______ of CSF back into the circulatory system occurs in the ________. |
|
Definition
| reabsorption; dural sinus |
|
|
Term
| What causes hydrocephalus? Treatment? |
|
Definition
| Increases in CSF pressure including blockage, failure to reabsorb or overproduction. Treatment is via a shunt inserted into the brain ventricles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gray matter (cells) forms the cortex of the cerebrum. White matter (fibers) is deep in the cortex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bulges in the cortical surface are called gyri. Indentations between gyri are called sulci. |
|
|
Term
| Sensory neurons lie in _____. |
|
Definition
| Dorsal root ganglia outside the CNS. |
|
|
Term
| Why does the cortex have folds? |
|
Definition
| Allows the thin sheet to be accomodated within the confines of the cranium. |
|
|
Term
| Four lobes of the cerebrum |
|
Definition
| Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal. [image] |
|
|
Term
| Doral root ganglia contain ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary sensory neurons project to neurons in the ___ of the spinal cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Motoneurons are located in the spinal cord ______ and project to ____ |
|
Definition
| ventral horn; muscle fibers. |
|
|
Term
| ____ pairs of ______ control sensory and motor functions for the head region. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The temporal lobe is bounded ____ by the _____. |
|
Definition
| dorsally; Sylvian Fissure. [image] |
|
|
Term
| The ____ and ____ lobes are bounded by the central sulcus. |
|
Definition
| frontal; parietal [image] |
|
|
Term
| The parietal lobe consists of the _____. |
|
Definition
| Postcentral gyrus and more posterior parietal areas. |
|
|
Term
| The frontal lobe consists of ____ and ____. |
|
Definition
| Precentral gyrus; more anterior frontal lobe areas |
|
|
Term
| The anterior frontal lobe includes the _____ and is involved in ______. |
|
Definition
| Prefrontal cortex; planning complex behaviors and executive functions |
|
|
Term
| The occiptal lobe consists of ____ and ____. |
|
Definition
| Striate cortex; extrastriate cortex |
|
|
Term
| The _______ receives visual input from the _______. |
|
Definition
| inferior temporal lobe; occipital lobe |
|
|
Term
| The temporal lobe processes _____ and also process visual information related to _____. |
|
Definition
| auditory information; form and shape perception |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area in the medial temporal lobe that is involved in memory formation. the fornix connects the hippocampus the mammilary bodies of the hypothalamus. |
|
|
Term
| temporal cortex of the left hemisphere |
|
Definition
| contains the neural circuits for understanding language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary motor cortex; necessary for the execution of precision movements. [image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary somatosensory cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cortical representations of the muscles and body surface are topographically organized. Medial areas of the postcentral and precentral gyrus process information for the lower parts of the body and lateral areas for the upper parts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proportional maps to the use and sensitivity of each area of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Each cerebral hemisphere controls the motor and sensory functions mainly for the contralateral (opposite) side of the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subcortical cell groups located in the telencephalon involved in learning to produce voluntary movements/learned skills. diseases such as parkinson's and huntington's affect this structure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| projects sensory information to the cerebral cortex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls the pituitary gland and the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Smooths and controls movements. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receives incoming sensory information from cranial nerves such as the auditory nerve and is interconnected with the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains neural circuits for controlling breathing and heart rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sympathetic system prepares the organism for emergency situations. (ex. dilate pupil, increase heart rate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| facilitates digestion and produces a quiescent state. (ex. constrict pupil, promote salivation, reduce heart rate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Connected to the hypothalamus and participate in some forms of classical conditioning (controls taste aversion learning and fear conditioning.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spans the cerebrum and is located dorsal to the corpus callosum. It is connected with the medial temporal lobe cortex and medial thalamus. (part of the Limbic System) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the medial temporal lobe, receives input from the limbic cortex. (part of the Limbic system) |
|
|
Term
| Functions of the Limbic System |
|
Definition
| The Limbic System was originally associated with emotion because of the symptoms of temporal lobe epilepsy. Modern research, however, links the limbic system to memory processes as well as emotion. |
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitters bring about ____ or ____ of the _____ membrane either by directly affecting the ion channels (i.e. ____) or by indirect means (i.e. _____) |
|
Definition
| hyperpolarization;depolarization; postsynaptic; ionotropic; metabotropic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located directly on ion channels; a particular kind of ligand-gated ion channel. |
|
|
Term
| When a neurotransmitter substance acts on ionotropic receptors, changes in the ______ of the ______ occur ____ and _____ the associated pores. |
|
Definition
| 3D structure; channel protein; opening; closing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Open when ligands such as acetylcholine bind. May also open/close in response to cyclic nucleotides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Act via GDP-binding proteins. When neurotransmitters act via metabotropic receptors, a cascade of chemical events occur which result in the production of small molecules called second messengers.[image] |
|
|
Term
| Step 1 of G-protein signaling |
|
Definition
| Activation of receptors; G-protein gated neurotransmitter receptor is activated by a neurotransmitter molecule[image] |
|
|
Term
| Step 2 of G-protein signaling |
|
Definition
| The activated receptors can activate a G-protein by collision coupling. [image] |
|
|
Term
| Step 3 of G-protein signaling |
|
Definition
| The activated G-protein then exchanges GTP for GDP; it picks up a GTP from the cytoplasm. [image] |
|
|
Term
| Step 4 of G-protein signaling |
|
Definition
| The G-protein alpha subunit then activates enzymes in the membrane such as PLC. [image] |
|
|
Term
| Step 5 of G-protein signaling |
|
Definition
| Such enzymes can result in second messenger molecule production. [image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Such as cyclic AMP; can open ion channels as well as cause many other intracellular events to take place, including gene expression. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| G-protein coupled receptors are typically 7TM proteins meaning the receptor has 7 transmembrane spanning helices. |
|
|
Term
| G-Protein families' pathways ____ and functions may act _______. |
|
Definition
| vary; synergistically (in group) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids by phospholipase C produces diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brings about Ca+++ release from intracellular stores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activates C kinase in the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adenyl cyclases bring about cAMP formation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PKA phosphorylates enzymes, receptors, and channel proteins at serine, threonine or tyrosine residues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gi inhibits adenyl cyclase and reduces cAMP levels.
Gt protein (also called transducin) and Gg (gusducin) activate phosphodiesterase which degrade cyclic nucleotides such as cGMP. |
|
|
Term
| Second messengers allow ___ action to bring about ____ cellular effects including ____. |
|
Definition
| neurotransmitter; diverse; gene expression. |
|
|
Term
| Ligand -> _____ -> _____-> _____->_____-> Cellular effects |
|
Definition
| receptors; g-protein; enzyme; second messengers |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of small molecule neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
- Small, clear vesicles contain small molecule neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine.
- They are located close to the active zone and are released with each action potential. |
|
|
Term
| Large molecule neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
| Large, dense core vesicles contain large molecule neurotransmitters called peptides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Peptides are strings of amino acids each of which contains an acidic, COOH, and an amino, NH2, group. [image] |
|
|
Term
| What parts bond in a peptide bond? |
|
Definition
| the H in NH2 and the OH in COOH. [image] |
|
|
Term
| Small molecule neurotransmitters may act through either ____ or ____ receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large molecule neurotransmitters act only via ____ receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ca++ channels are concentrated here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First to demonstrate chemical synaptic transmission in the nervous system (ACh). He studied how stimulation of the vagus nerve affected the heart and found that it slowed it down. He then exposed a second heart to the perfusate from the first and found that it slowed the second heart as well. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dale showed that the chemical released from the vagus nerve was acetylcholine. He also showed that ACh acts through two types of receptors. |
|
|
Term
| Two types of receptors of ACh |
|
Definition
| nicotinic (ionotropic) and muscarine (metabotropic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small molecule neurotransmitter found at the somatic neuromuscular junction, parasympathetic pre and postganglionic nerve terminals and at sympathetic pregangiolic terminals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synapse between motor axons and muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ACh receptors on striated muscles respond to nicotine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ACh receptors at cardiac and smooth muscle respond to muscarine |
|
|
Term
| ACh is synthesized in the nerve terminal from ____ and ___ by ____. |
|
Definition
| choline, acetate, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) |
|
|
Term
| ACh is degraded by the enzyme ____. |
|
Definition
| acetylcholinesterase (AChE) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rate limiting factor in terminating the action of ACh at the synapse; released from the basal lamina of the postsynaptic membrane, the metabolites of ACh are then taken back into the presynaptic terminal. |
|
|
Term
| ACh is regulated by ____ and ___ action. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Cholinergic Synapse, choline and acetate are taken back up into the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACh ____ receptors at synapses and the neuromuscular junction are always _____. ACh opens a _____ channel which _____ the muscle endplate producing ____. |
|
Definition
nicotinic; ionotropic (permitting ions to flow through)
Na+/K+; depolarizes; action potentials |
|
|
Term
| Nicotine ____ receptors and acts as an _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ and snake alpha toxins are _____, meaning they ______. |
|
Definition
| Curare; antagonists; block receptors |
|
|
Term
| _______ inhibits the release of ACh, acting as an _____. |
|
Definition
| Botulinus toxin; antagonist |
|
|
Term
| Muscarinic receptors are ____ and can produce ____ or ____. |
|
Definition
| Metabotropic; EPSPs; IPSPS. |
|
|
Term
| _____ blocks receptors and is an antagonist. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscarine is a receptor _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of Muscarine Receptors |
|
Definition
All are G-protiein coupled. Five subtypes are known: M1, M3 and M5 act mainly via Gq; M3 inhibits cardiact muscle.
- M2 and M4 act via Gi; M2 is associated with bronchial constriction and vasodilation. |
|
|
Term
| ACh is released by all _____. |
|
Definition
| preganglionic autonomic fibers |
|
|
Term
| ______ receptors are muscarinic. |
|
Definition
| postganglionic parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
| Anti-acetyl cholinesterases such as ______ and ______ are ____. Why? |
|
Definition
| organophosphates; physostigmine; agonists. Because they inhibit AChE. |
|
|
Term
| Black widow spider venom _____ release and is an _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ agonists can produce cardiac arrest. Why? |
|
Definition
| Cholinergic; slows down the heart a lot. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Autoimmune disease in which antibodies bind to cholinergic receptors.
Treament includes anticholinesterases such as physostygmine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small molecule neurotransmitters; dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. All contain the catechole nucleus with a side chain which varies. [image] |
|
|
Term
| All catecholamines are synthesized from the amino acid ____ via several steps. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tyrosine is converted to _____ by _____. |
|
Definition
| DOPA; tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) |
|
|
Term
| DOPA is converted to ____ by _____. |
|
Definition
| Dopamine; dopa decarboxylase |
|
|
Term
| Dopamine is converted to ______ by ______. |
|
Definition
| Norepinephrine; dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) |
|
|
Term
| Norepinephrine is converted to _______ by _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each neuron only releases a ____ catecholamine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ in the synapse and nerve terminal and ______ in the synapse degrade catecholamines. |
|
Definition
| monoamine oxidases (MAO); catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT) |
|
|
Term
| MAO inhibitors like _____ are _____ for all catecholamines. Why? |
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Definition
| deprenyl; agonists. Because by inhibiting MAO, the catecholamines will not get degraded and will promote action. |
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Term
| Reserpine ______ storage of NE and DA. |
|
Definition
| inhibit; it decreases heart rate and relaxes blood vessels, uses up catecholamines.[image] |
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Term
| _____ blocks reuptake of NE. _____ promotes release of NE. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ______ stimulates alpha-2 receptors of NE. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| NE is released by _______ fibers and is found in the ____. |
|
Definition
| postganglionic sympathetic; pons |
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|
Term
| All catecholamine receptors are _____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two main NE families? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ are Gq coupled, ___ are Gi coupled and _____ are Gs coupled. |
|
Definition
alpha-1; alpha-2; beta-1,2
Queer Indian Soldier |
|
|
Term
| Neurons in the midbrain ______ and _____ contain dopamine. |
|
Definition
| ventral tegmental area; substantia nigra |
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|
Term
| Amphetamine and cocain ______ of DA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All drugs of abuse are DA ____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ and _____ block receptors of DA and are antagonists. Which receptors do they block? |
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Definition
| haloperidol; chlorpromazine. They block receptors apomorphine (which stimulates autoreceptors thereby inhibiting synthesis) and reserpine. |
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|
Term
| ______ stimulates receptors (D2) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In parkinson's disease, ____ is depleted. Dopamine _____ can be used to treat it. |
|
Definition
| DA; agonists. for example, I-DOPA increases DA synthesis bromocryptine which stimulates DA receptors and deprenyl, an MAO inhibitor. |
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Term
|
Definition
| D1 and D5 are Gs coupled while D2, D3 and D4 are Gi coupled. D2 opens K+ channel. |
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Term
| D1 and D2 are found in the ______ while the _____ and ____ contain all five types. |
|
Definition
| basal ganglia; cortex; limbic system |
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|
Term
| The ______ seems to be the final common path for reward. Connects to the limbic system via the _____ |
|
Definition
| Mesolimbic pathway; nucleus accumbens |
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|
Term
| The ______ influences the prefrontal cortex. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The mesolimbic DA path subserves _____ mechanisms. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ______ (5HT) is a small molecule _______ neurotransmitter. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid ________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurons in the ______ of the _____ and ____ give rise to an extensive network of 5HT paths. |
|
Definition
| raphe nuclei; pons; midbrain |
|
|
Term
| NE agonists include _____ and ____ which _____ receptors. And _____ which ______ reuptake, and _____ inhibitors. |
|
Definition
| phenylephrine; clonidine; stimulate; desipramine; inhibits; MAO |
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|
Term
| NE antagonists include drugs like ______ which _____ receptors and ____ which makes vesicles leaky. |
|
Definition
| propanalol; block; reserpine |
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|
Term
| NE is associated with ________ and _______. A large number of NE-containing neurons is located in the ______ area of the ____. |
|
Definition
| promoting vigilance; arousal functions; locus coeruleus; pons |
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|
Term
| Tryptophan is converted to 5-hydroxytryptophan by _________ which is then converted to 5HT by _______. |
|
Definition
| tryptophan hydroxylase; 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase |
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|
Term
| Serotonin is degraded to its metabolites by _____ and cleared from the synapse by _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Serotonin is associated with______ and ____. |
|
Definition
| inhibiting aggressive behavior; promoting sleep |
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|
Term
| Serotonin modulates release of dopamine _______ in the ______. How? |
|
Definition
| presynaptically; ventral tegmental area. It does this by blocking voltage dependent K+ channels. |
|
|
Term
| _____ inhibits synthesis of 5HT. _____ inhibits storage of 5HT. _____ and ____ blocks reuptake. |
|
Definition
| PCPA; Reserpine; Fluoxetine; Sertraline (ssri antidepressant drugs) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| promotes release of 5HT and is also a DA agonist. |
|
|
Term
| MAO inhibitors are agonists. Why? |
|
Definition
| Serotonin is degraded to its metabolites by MAO and cleared from the synapse by reuptake, so something inhibiting MAO would allow for more production of 5HT. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
5HT3 receptors are ligand-gated ionotropic receptors.
All others are G-protein gated:
- 5HT1, 5 act via Gi to lower cAMP.
- 5HT2 acts via Gq.
-5HT4 and 5HT7 are Gs coupled.
- 5HT6 coupling is unknown. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AMPA, which opens a sodium channel in the membrane. NMDA, which opens a channel which allows both sodium and calcium ions to pass. |
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|
Term
| NMDA channels are _______ because the channels are blocked by a _____ ion which diffuses away from the pore when the neuron is _____. |
|
Definition
| voltage dependent; Mg ++; depolarized. |
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|
Term
| Depolarization of NMDA receptor may be produced by the activation of _____ receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Metabotropic Glu Receptors |
|
Definition
| G-protein coupled 7TM glutamate receptors exists. mGluR1, 5 are Gq coupled and strongly stimulated by quisqualate. mGluR2,3,4,6,7,8 are Gi coupled, producing presynpatic inhibition but only modulates postsynaptically. |
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|
Term
| _____ and ____ are the most common inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain. Both act as _____ receptors. |
|
Definition
| Glycine; GABA; ionotropic (inhibitory) |
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|
Term
| In order to hypolarize, you open ____ channels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycine is most abundant in the _____ where it is released by small inhibitory _____. |
|
Definition
| spinal cord; interneurons (this means that it is very important for motor neurons. GABA is mostly found in the brain.) |
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|
Term
| Glutamate converts to ____ by _____. |
|
Definition
| GABA; glutamic acid decarboxylase |
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|
Term
| GABA is converted to _____ by _____. |
|
Definition
| Glutamate; GABA transminase |
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|
Term
| GABA is synthesized from _____ and is not one of the 20 amino acids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GABA and Glycine open ionotropic ___ channels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ faciliate binding of GABA to its recognition sites. |
|
Definition
| Benzodiazepines (agonists) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Agonist; Stimulates GABA receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antagonists; Blocks GABA receptors |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Antagonist; blocks glycine receptors |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| large molecule neurotransmitters consisting of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. they act as modulators of the action of small molecule neurotransmitters. |
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|
Term
| Neuropeptides like _____ and _____ are released from hypothalamic neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bind opiate receptors, substance P is released by nociceptive fibers in the spinal cord (blocks pain). |
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|
Term
| All neuropeptide receptors are ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Many peptides were originally found in ____ which are gut-brain peptides. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by postsynaptic neurons and pass directly through membrane. ex: nitric oxide (NO) which produces dilation of blood vessels and promotes relaxation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brings about the conversion of GMP to cGMP and can produce vasodilation. [image]Cell is depolarized, calcium flows in, NOS takes O2 and L-Arg and produces NO which passes through the membrane and produces vasodilation. |
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|
Term
| Hypothalamic peptides inhibit the secretion of hormones by the ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Associated with nociceptors and basal ganglia system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Competitively blocks opiod receptors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| benzodiazepines, which facilitates the binding of GABA to its receptors and muscimol, which stimulates GABA receptors |
|
|
Term
| GABA opens a ____ channel in the membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most common neurotransmitters are the small molecule _____ neurotransmitters. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reserpine, which depletes vesicles of 5HT. PCPA, a drug which inhibits tryptophan hydroxylase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor used to treat depression. Fenflurmaine, a drug that stimulates 5HT release. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phenylephrine and clonidine, which stimulate receptors. Desipramine, which inhibits reuptake. and MAO inihibitors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Propanalol, which blocks receptors. Reserpine, which makes vesicles leaky. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chlorpromaxine and haloperidol, which block receptors. apomorphine which stimulates autoreceptors thereby inhibiting synthesis. and reserpine which makes vesicles leaky. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cocaine, which inhibits reuptake. amphetamine, which inhibits reuptake, promotes synthesis and stimulates receptors. bromocrytine, which stimulates receptors. and L-DOPA which promotes synthesis and MAO inhibitors which slow degradation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Promote synthesis, promote release, inhibit degradation, inhibit reuptake, or stimulate receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibit synthesis, block receptors, stimulate autoreceptors, or facilitate degradation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains vesicles in which neurotransmitter molecules are stored |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Receptor sites; can be either ionotropic or metabotropic |
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