Term
| What makes an endocrine gland an endocrine gland? |
|
Definition
| endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical messengers that can regulate biological processes |
|
|
Term
| what types of biological processes can hormones regulate? |
|
Definition
| metabolism, water balance, reproduction, growth and development |
|
|
Term
| where are hormones metabolized? |
|
Definition
| hormones can be metabolized in any tissue that has a receptor for the hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tissue that has a receptor for the hormone |
|
|
Term
| what is hormone degradation? |
|
Definition
| hormone degradation occurs when the liver removes hormones from the blood and deactivates them |
|
|
Term
| what is metabolic clearance of a hormone |
|
Definition
| pulling the hormone out of the blood, either for uptake or for degradation |
|
|
Term
| what 2 factors collectively define metabolic clearance rate |
|
Definition
| hormone uptake at the target tissue + hormone degradation in the liver |
|
|
Term
| is metabolic clearance rate the same for all hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a receptor that can't respond to the hormone for 1 of 2 reasons |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 causes of a down receptor |
|
Definition
| the receptor could be saturated (in use by hormones) OR it could be inside the cell nucleus and not available for hormones to bind |
|
|
Term
| do hormones each have an individual purpose? |
|
Definition
| no. individual hormones can have a number of different jobs |
|
|
Term
| what determines a hormone's role? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an acute exercise session? |
|
Definition
| a single exercise session |
|
|
Term
| what is chronic exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does training change hormone levels at baseline? |
|
Definition
| If a person becomes trained, most hormones at rest will tend to be a little bit lower than before training. |
|
|
Term
| How does training change hormone levels at submaximal exercise |
|
Definition
| all submaximal exercise responses of hormones are lower in a trained person than in untrained people |
|
|
Term
| How does training change the hormone response to maximal exercise? |
|
Definition
| A maximal exercise response of hormones can be greater in a trained person because the person can handle the increase in hormones. |
|
|
Term
| what is an exception to the "lower baseline hormone levels in a trained person" rule? |
|
Definition
| if you do lots of resistance training, you might find that your resting testosterone levels are slightly higher. This is different from what we usually see with hormones |
|
|
Term
| how do hormones change to an acute bout of exercise? |
|
Definition
| hormones can increase, decrease, or remain the same with an acute bout of exercise. |
|
|
Term
| what determines the amount that a hormone responds to an acute bout of exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intensity, frequency, duration of exercise |
|
|
Term
| why do hormones respond to exercise? |
|
Definition
| hormones have a physiological role to help the body meet demands of exercise |
|
|
Term
| what are the necessary actions of hormones that help the body meet the demands of exercise? |
|
Definition
| Hormones: 1. Increase energy expenditure by mobilizing substrates and turning on energy pathways, 2. Increase cardiovascular adjustments, 3. Alter hydration status for thermoregulation, 4. Increase stress reactivity and the immune system |
|
|
Term
| How is the response of hormones with exercise a feed forward mechanism? |
|
Definition
| The changes made by hormones can further increase hormonal responses |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a feed forward response of a hormone |
|
Definition
| increasing energy production can increase heat which can cause fluid loss which can cause further endocrine response |
|
|
Term
| In what ways is hormone concentration in the blood increased? |
|
Definition
| increased hormone production, increased hormone secretion, decreased metabolic clearance of hormone, increased hemoconcentration |
|
|
Term
| in what ways is hormone concentration in the blood decreased? |
|
Definition
| Decreased hormone production, decreased hormone secretion, increased metabolic clearance of hormone, increased hemodilution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of solid in a liquid |
|
|
Term
| what is hemoconcentration? |
|
Definition
| loss of blood fluid (loss of plasma volume) |
|
|
Term
| how does hormone concentration change with hemoconcentration? |
|
Definition
| blood fluid is lost, so the amount of hormone per unit of blood is increased |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does hormone concentration change with hemodilution? |
|
Definition
| if we have increased plasma volume, the concentration of hormone will decrease |
|
|
Term
| with what does fluid shift in and out of the blood? |
|
Definition
| exercise, probably other stuff too |
|
|
Term
| what has to happen for there to be a steady state of hormone level with exercise? |
|
Definition
| Either the amount of metabolic clearance = the amount of secretion OR hemoconcentration = hemodilution |
|
|
Term
| with a steady state of hormone during exercise, is the hormone truly not changing? |
|
Definition
| It might look like exercise has no effect on the hormone, but there are actually factors to increase and decrease the hormone that occur in the same amount |
|
|
Term
| what are modifiers of hormonal response to exercise? |
|
Definition
| gender, age, nutritional status, hydration status, affective state, hypobaric conditions, hyperbaric conditions |
|
|
Term
| What will my hormonal response be if I start an exercise bout and am low in carbohydrates, dehydrated, and feeling blue? |
|
Definition
| My hormonal response would be much greater than if those things were in a proper status prior to starting the exercise |
|
|
Term
| what factors and conditions influence hormonal response to exercise? |
|
Definition
| competitive vs training stress; time of day; time of year; mode of exercise; recovery response; bioavailability of the hormone |
|
|
Term
| what is the recovery response? |
|
Definition
| some hormones respond rapidly after an exercise session, quickly returning to normal; some hormones take a long time to increase after exercise and then slowly return to normal; some hormones decrease after an exercise session |
|
|
Term
| what affects the bioavailability of the hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the hormone half-life of ACTH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the half-life of antidiuretic hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the half life of aldosterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the half life of the catecholamines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the half life of cortisol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the half life of glucagon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the half life of growth hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the half life of insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the half life of testosterone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the half life of TSH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the half life of triiodothyronine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does "bioavailability" include? |
|
Definition
| amount of free hormone, number of functional receptors, affinity level of receptors for the hormone, post-receptor amplification mechanisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hormone not currently bound to a receptor site |
|
|
Term
| how does chronic exercise affect basal resting hormone levels (for the most part)? |
|
Definition
| chronic exercise reduces basal resting hormone levels |
|
|
Term
| how does chronic exercise affect hormone response to maximal exercise? |
|
Definition
| maximal exercise in a trained person will provoke larger hormone responses than before the training |
|
|
Term
| why does submaximal exercise not provoke an increased hormone in a trained person? |
|
Definition
| exercise becomes less of a physical stress to the body in a trained person |
|
|
Term
| In what ways is exercise less of a physical stress to a trained person? |
|
Definition
| Training improves homeostasis so that exercise no longer messes things up on the inside of cells; target tissue doesn't need as much hormone to get the desired effect because it has improved sensitivity |
|
|
Term
| How quickly after exercise does insulin begin to return to its pre-training response values? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to hormones with continued inactivity after training? |
|
Definition
| they return to their pre-training values |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 catecholamine hormones |
|
Definition
| norepinephrine, epinephrine |
|
|
Term
| what are the specific ways in which norepinephrine and epinephrine affect metabolism? |
|
Definition
| 1. increase breakdown of glycogen into glucose in liver and muscle; 2. increase breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol; 3. decrease entry of glucose into some cells and tissues because of a preferential treatment of the oxidation of free fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| During an incremental, progressive exercise test resulting in maximal effort, how will plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine change? |
|
Definition
| as oxygen consumption increases, plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine increase exponentially with the increase in norepinephrine beginning before the increase in epinephrine |
|
|
Term
| is there typically more norepinephrine or epinephrine in circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During a submaximal, steady state exercise at a fixed intensity, what is the catecholamine response? |
|
Definition
| The catecholamine response increases dramatically at first and then increases slowly throughout the duration of exercise. |
|
|
Term
| At a higher magnitude of steady state exercise, how will the catecholamine response change compared to a lower magnitude of steady state exercise? |
|
Definition
| at a higher magnitude of steady state exercise, the magnitude of increase of catecholamines will be higher |
|
|
Term
| what determines whether a tissue will respond to catecholamines? |
|
Definition
| The tissue must have a receptor for the catecholamine |
|
|
Term
| what determines the magnitude of the effect of catecholamines on a tissue |
|
Definition
| the number of receptors, the level of receptor saturation |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 receptors to which norepinephrine binds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the receptors to which epinephrine binds at LOW doses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the receptors to which epinephrine binds at HIGH doses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what catecholamine responds to alpha 1? |
|
Definition
| norepinephrine. Epinephrine at high doses. |
|
|
Term
| Why does it take high doses of alpha 1 receptors to take E? |
|
Definition
| alpha 1 receptors have a greater affinity for NE. They will switch to having an affinity for E when there is a lot of E. |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of a catecholamine binding to an alpha 1 receptor? |
|
Definition
| vasoconstriction in the GI and vascular systems |
|
|
Term
| Why does vasoconstriction from alpha 1 receptors occur more strongly in the GI system than in the vascular system? |
|
Definition
| there are more alpha 1 receptors in the GI system than in the vascular system |
|
|
Term
| what catecholamine responds to beta 1 receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does it meant hat N and slightly E binds to Beta 1 receptors? |
|
Definition
| beta 1 receptors like to respond to norepinephrine, but they will take epinephrine if there is no other option |
|
|
Term
| what do beta 1 receptors do? |
|
Definition
| cause myocardial acceleration and myocardial contractility (heart beats more powerfully) |
|
|
Term
| what hormone binds to beta 2 receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do beta 2 receptors only receive E at low dosage? |
|
Definition
| beta 2 receptors become overwhelmed with too much epinephrine |
|
|
Term
| what is the result of catecholamines responding to beta 2 receptors? |
|
Definition
| vasodilation in arterioles (heart, muscle) |
|
|
Term
| what is the effect of training on basal levels of catecholamines? |
|
Definition
| slightly lower. Possibly no change since you don't typically have a lot of catecholamines floating around at rest |
|
|
Term
| what is the submaximal exercise response of catecholamines in a trained person compared to an untrained person? |
|
Definition
| slightly lower catecholamines in the trained person. Right after submaximal exercise, a trained individual will have decreased catecholamines. |
|
|
Term
| what is the maximal exercise response of catecholamines in a trained person compared to an untrained person? |
|
Definition
| could be increased since you have the ability to enhance production and secretion. The levels of catecholamines in the trained person are less up until the point where you reach maximal exercise |
|
|
Term
| why does an untrained person have an increase in catecholamines with exercise? |
|
Definition
| stress reactivity causes over response of sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| what is the primary hormone responsible for the uptake and storage of glucose and free fatty acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what creates changes in insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens with insulin if blood glucose increases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the concentration of insulin change during exercise? |
|
Definition
| the concentration of insulin decreases during exercise as intensity increases |
|
|
Term
| compare the effects of insulin and glucagon in one word |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased glucose in the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes glucose to move out of the blood and into the tissue of muscle, adipose, and liver |
|
|
Term
| what stimulates glucagon? |
|
Definition
| decreased glucose in the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glucagon breaks down adipose into triglycerides to elevate blood FFA and glycerol AND causes amino acids and glycogen to break down into blood glucose |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 transport proteins on skeletal muscle cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do glut 1 transporters do? |
|
Definition
| constantly pull glucose into the skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| do glut 1 transport proteins require insulin to work? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are there many glut 1 transporters in skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does muscle tissue need to be able to exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is insulin helpful to skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
| helps it to pick up glucose from the blood |
|
|
Term
| where are glut 4 transport proteins found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are glut 4 or glut 1 transport proteins more common? |
|
Definition
| glut 4 transport proteins are more common |
|
|
Term
| what is usually necessary for glut 4 transport proteins to work? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does glut 4 ALWAYS require insulin to tell it what to do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does glut 4 not need insulin to tell it to pull glucose in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes fat cells pull glucose in out of the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are adipose cells insulin dependent or independent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the battle over glucose between adipocytes and muscle cells change during exercise and why? |
|
Definition
| When Glut 4 transport proteins become insulin independent, the muscle cells are more able to pick up more glucose without insulin. The adipocytes continue to require insulin, but there is less insulin during exercise so the adipocytes are not pulling as much glucose out of the blood. There is more glucose in the blood available for muscle, and the muscle is better at getting the glucose out of the blood. |
|
|
Term
| what 2 things increase the number of glut 4 transporters in the membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 2 things activate glut 4 transporters at rest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are glut 4 transport proteins able to become insulin independent during exercise? |
|
Definition
| intracellular signaling mechanisms help to up regulate glut 4 transport proteins |
|
|
Term
| what are the changes in insulin in response to a submaximal exercise session (steady state)? |
|
Definition
| insulin decreases initially and then plateaus |
|
|
Term
| how do trained and untrained people compare in insulin response to steady state, submaximal exercise bout? |
|
Definition
| trained and untrained both have reduced insulin, but an untrained person has a slightly greater loss of insulin |
|
|
Term
| how does training change your basal insulin levels? |
|
Definition
| if you have low insulin levels at rest already, training won't make a big difference. But if you have high insulin levels (prediabetic), your basal insulin levels will decrease with training. |
|
|
Term
| why does insulin decrease during exercise? |
|
Definition
| we stop producing insulin during exercise because our glut 4 transporters are working now AND catecholamines decrease production of insulin. We will use up the insulin that is there, but no more will be produced to replace it. |
|
|
Term
| why does a trained person have less of a decrease in insulin? |
|
Definition
| training creates a smaller catecholamine response. Catecholamines stop insulin production. With fewer catecholamines, there will be less of a decrease in insulin. |
|
|
Term
| what are the differences in insulin levels in a trained vs untrained person during a maximal exercise bout? |
|
Definition
| a maximal exercise bout will create a GREATER decrease in insulin in a trained person than in an untrained person. |
|
|
Term
| why does a maximal exercise bout create a greater decrease in insulin in a trained person than in an untrained person. |
|
Definition
| The trained person at maximal exercise can push harder than an untrained person, resulting in a greater catecholamine response and therefore a greater insulin suppression. |
|
|
Term
| What is Type II diabetes? |
|
Definition
| tissues not responding to insulin = receptors are either not there or not functional. |
|
|
Term
| how to decrease insulin in type 2 diabetes? |
|
Definition
| diet, exercise, medications |
|
|
Term
| what is insulin sensitivity? |
|
Definition
| the ability to move glucose into tissues with less insulin |
|
|
Term
| how can you improve insulin sensitivity |
|
Definition
| training: after 14 weeks of physical training, the tissue is much more sensitive to insulin, meaning it takes very little insulin to move glucose in. |
|
|
Term
| what is insulin resistance? |
|
Definition
| a condition in which cells fail to respond to the normal actions of hormones. |
|
|
Term
| do we want high or low insulin sensitivity? |
|
Definition
| we want high insulin sensitivity |
|
|
Term
| do we want high or low insulin resistance |
|
Definition
| we want low insulin resistance |
|
|
Term
| how does the amount of glucagon change during exercise as you move from low to moderate to high intensity? |
|
Definition
| glucagon increases with exercise as you increase in intensity |
|
|
Term
| how does glucagon change over the course of a submaximal, steady state exercise? |
|
Definition
| glucagon will increase and will eventually plateau |
|
|
Term
| does a trained or untrained person need less glucagon during exercise? |
|
Definition
| a trained person needs less glucagon during exercise |
|
|
Term
| why does a trained person need less glucagon during exercise than an untrained person? |
|
Definition
| The amount of fats you're metabolizing as an energy source influences the amount of glucagon you need to break down glycogen in the liver to make glucose. A trained person is better at breaking down fats into an energy result. As a result, a trained person needs less glucagon during exercise to tell the liver to break down glycogen into glucose. |
|
|
Term
| what is the change in basal levels of glucagon with exercise training? |
|
Definition
| no change at the basal level |
|
|
Term
| why is there no change at the basal level of glucagon at rest? |
|
Definition
| there isn't normally a lot of glucagon in the blood at rest |
|
|
Term
| what is the change in glucagon in a trained person with submaximal exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the maximal exercise response of glucagon in a trained person? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does a single exercise bout affect the sympathetic nervous system? |
|
Definition
| exercise activates the sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| how does the sympathetic nervous system affect catecholamines? |
|
Definition
| the SNS increases catecholamines |
|
|
Term
| how does E, NE affect the liver? |
|
Definition
| E, NE cause the pancreas to decrease insulin and increase glucagon production |
|
|
Term
| why is it helpful that E, NE decrease insulin during exercise? |
|
Definition
| when you decrease insulin, there will be greater breakdown of triglycerides into FFA. |
|
|
Term
| why is it helpful that glucagon is increased during exercise? |
|
Definition
| increased glucagon (and increased catecholamines) promote breakdown of glycogen into glucose. This increases blood glucose and FFA for energy. |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 controls of the breakdown of muscle glycogen for utilization |
|
Definition
| 1. E and NE to activate cyclic AMP; 2. Calcium to implement glycogen phosphorylase; 3. glucagon; 4. glycogenolysis |
|
|
Term
| at what exercise intensity does the greatest depletion of glycogen occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do you have less glycogen depletion at exercise intensity levels lower than 75% VO2 max? |
|
Definition
| at lower intensities you have greater fact contribution |
|
|
Term
| why do you have less glycogen depletion at exercise intensities greater than 75%? |
|
Definition
| you can't maintain higher intensities for a long enough period of time. |
|
|
Term
| do you have higher or lower plasma epinephrine concentration at high levels of exercise intensity? |
|
Definition
| more epinephrine with higher intensity exercise |
|
|
Term
| What are the mechanisms to maintain blood glucose during exercise? |
|
Definition
| 1. mobilization of glucose from glycogen in the liver; 2. mobilization of FFA from adipose tissue to spare blood glucose; 3. gluconeogenesis from amino acids, lactic acid, and glycerol; 4. hormonal blocking to prevent glucose from leaving the blood and to force some tissues to use FFA during exercise to spare blood glucose |
|
|
Term
| at what point does gluconeogenesis from amino acids, lactic acid, and glycerol occur MOST? |
|
Definition
| during recovery from exercise |
|
|
Term
| what organ produces insulin and glucagon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is there so much NE in our blood? |
|
Definition
| sympathetic spillover. There are many nerve fibers that release lots of NE. |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 glands where epinephrine is made |
|
Definition
| 2 adrenal medullary glands |
|
|
Term
| what are the primary destinations for NE? |
|
Definition
| liver, pancreas, skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| what happens to all the extra NE that the liver, pancreas, and skeletal muscle can't use? |
|
Definition
| the NE will diffuse into nearby capillary beds as spillover |
|
|
Term
| NE is an indicator of what? |
|
Definition
| sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| E is an indicator of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does E bind to alpha 1 receptors |
|
Definition
| extremely intense exercise |
|
|
Term
| what do alpha 1 receptors cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens at extremely high exercise when alpha 1 receptors are activated by E? |
|
Definition
| vasoconstriction: decreased blood => decreased oxygen to muscle => decreased waste removal => feels bad => most people won't push that hard |
|
|
Term
| why are there no alpha 1 receptors in the heart and brain? |
|
Definition
| we don't want to be able to shut down blood flow to the heart and brain |
|
|
Term
| why do E and NE have overlapping and redundant actions? |
|
Definition
| NE and E create processes that have to occur or we will die. So we ant to have a back-up to be certain that the processes will occur to keep us alive |
|
|
Term
| what hormone overlaps with insulin? |
|
Definition
| insulin like growth factors |
|
|
Term
| why is it bad for a person with a glucose of 300 to exercise? |
|
Definition
| With this much glucose in the blood, the muscle cell will take in all the glucose from the blood rapidly. Glycolysis likes to do glucose metabolism. If glucose is showing up in the cell during exercise, the cell will ignore the glycogen stores in the muscle. The transporters will turn on and run fast because there is a high concentration of glucose in the blood. The rapid pulling in of glucose from the blood can lead to rapid hypoglycemia |
|
|
Term
| What is the ADA recommendation for exercise for people with uncontrolled diabetes? |
|
Definition
| low intensity and intermittent: walk for 5 minutes, rest for 5 minutes. Make certain that the person feels good and is not rapidly exhausting glucose in their blood. |
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|
