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Definition
| cannot meet basic needs for food, clothing, shelter |
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Term
| Highly developed countries |
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Definition
low pop growth
high per capita incomes
complex industrialized bases
(U.S. Canada, Japan) |
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Definition
low level of industrialization
high fertility rate
81% of world's population |
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Definition
| trees, fish, fertile soil, fresh water |
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Definition
| minerals, fossile fuels. (aluminum, copper, coal, oil, natural gas). |
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Definition
| a productive amount of land, h2o, and ocean required on a continuous basis to supply the person with food, wood, energy, water, housing, clothing, transportation, and waste disposal. |
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Definition
I- environmental impact
P- # of people
A- affluence per person
t- enviro. effect of technologies
I- P X A X T. |
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Term
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Definition
| how can we ALL live well together |
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Definition
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Definition
| meeting human needs without compromising needs for future generations (like natural resources). |
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Term
| we need to understand the... |
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Definition
effects of our actions
resources are not infinite
manage use of resource in order to ensure that is is used |
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Term
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Definition
| economic development that meets needs of present generation w/o compromising future gen. |
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Term
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Definition
| economic development that meets needs of present generation w/o compromising future gen. |
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Term
| sustainable development requires |
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Definition
environmentally sound decisions
economically viable decisions
socially equitable decisions |
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Term
| tragedy of the commons (Garrett Hardin) |
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Definition
not always fair...
-solving environ. problems between short term welfare and long term environ. sus. & societal welfare
-eventually one person succeeds while everyone else looses something |
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Term
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Definition
| a change that triggers a response that counteracts a changed condition, ex- thermostat. |
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Term
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Definition
| a change that triggers a response that intensifies a changing condition, ex- loss of global ice fields |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in one part of a system that leads to a change in another part of a system. |
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Term
| 5 stages to addressing environ. problem... |
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Definition
scientific assessment
risk analysis
public education and involvement
political action
evaluation
(this is idealistic) |
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Term
| the scientific method must be |
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Definition
| objective, or else it doesnt work |
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Term
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Definition
| famous for lifelike portraits of birds... ironically killed them to paint |
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Term
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Definition
| wrote walden, lived among nature |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Yellowstone National Park |
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Definition
established 1872, founded by Native Americans.
forced to leave to make sure park was left pure.
largest geothermal in world
had to prove to congress it was worthless so they could use as national park. if contained nat. resources, would use and not be able to become nat. park. |
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Term
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Definition
Utilitarian
value nat. re. for USEFULNESS
Teddy Roosevelt, greatest conservationist ever |
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Term
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Definition
biocentric (all like important)
protect nature because all life deserves respect |
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Term
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Definition
| wilderness act, to protect wilderness areas of public lands. Sierra Club. |
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Term
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Definition
| allowed president to set aside land with some sort of importance, not to be disturbed by the public |
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Definition
| author of A Sand Country Almanac |
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Definition
author or "Wilderness Essay"
had epiphany after killing wolves about predator and prey, killing off all wolves no predators left. |
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Definition
| author of Silent Spring. investigated harmfull pesticides (DDT- outlawed now). |
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Term
| Environmental Impact Statements |
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Definition
| for any proposed federal action, an EIS is required. ex- a highway or dam construction. |
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Term
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Definition
| study of how we use limited nat. resources to satisfy unlimited wants |
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Term
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Definition
| using parts of environment to create goods and services WITH ECONOMIC VALUE. can be converted to currency |
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Term
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Definition
| assumes all individuals spend limited resources to maximize individual utility (we want the most for our money) |
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Term
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Definition
| resources are allocated efficiently (no societal discrimination). |
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Term
| externalities of an ideal economy... |
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Definition
costs/benefits are shared by others, ex- if one buys bike, everyone benefits (positive externality).
Positive and negative externalities... burning land and trees, you benefit for money, but everyone else suffers (negative externality) |
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Term
| marginal cost of POLLUTION |
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Definition
| costs of small additional amount of pollution |
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Term
| marginal cost of ABATEMENT |
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Definition
| cost of reducing small amount of pollution |
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Term
| Strategies for pollution control- Command and control |
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Definition
-gov't agency requires limitations to emissions or pollutants
-discourages development of low cost alternatives
-economists dislike this |
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Term
| strategies for poll. control- environmental taxes/tradable permits |
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Definition
-if taxes set at correct level, private marginal cost of pollution=social cost of pollution
-economists like this |
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Term
| tradable permits- cap & trade approach |
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Definition
-an optimal level of pollution is set... and eventually reduced over time.
-permits issued, pollution becomes an economic commodity |
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Term
| critiques of environmental economics- |
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Definition
-hard to assess real cost of env. poll & abatement
-impacts of poll. on people and nature uncertain
-ecosystem services evaluation
-utilitarian economics appropriate? why cant we get clean air/water for cheap? |
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Term
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Definition
| the total income of a nation for a given year |
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Term
| criterias to collapse (Jared Diamond) |
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Definition
1) humans hammering away at environment (natural resources)
2) climate change
3) trading with unfriendly & hostile partners--> China, Middle East
4) trading with friendly partners --> UK, Canada
5) dealing with environmental issues... natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
| similar organisms freely interbred |
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Term
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Definition
| group of same species in same area at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| populations of different species living in same area at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| community and physical environment |
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Term
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Definition
| several interacting ecosystems |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| study of energy transformation and how it changes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| exchanges energy with surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
| exchanges energy with surroundings |
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Term
| first law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
energy cannot be created or destroyed, only change from one form to another.. we must capture our energy from another source
-focus on QUANTITY |
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Term
| second law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
when energy is converted from one form to another, some is degraded to heat.
-heat highly entropic (disorganized)
-focus on QUALITY |
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Term
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Definition
| taking in energy from plants or other sources and using it for biological work |
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Term
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Definition
| taking in energy from plants or other sources and using it for biological work |
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Term
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Definition
| primary producers (things that are photosynthesized) |
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Term
| trophic types- heterotrophs |
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Definition
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Term
| trophic types- saprotrophs |
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Definition
| decomposers get their energy from our bodies |
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Term
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Definition
organisms at base of the pyramid more numerous
-fewer organisms fill each successive level |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of total amount of living material |
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Term
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Definition
| how much energy present at each trophic level and how much is transfered to the next level |
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Term
| Gross primary productivity |
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Definition
| total amount of energy that plants capture and assimilate in a given period of time |
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Term
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Definition
tells us how much energy is available for producers
-the energy in plant tissues after cellular respiration has occured
-rate at which this organic matter is actually incorporated into plant tissues for growth.
-decreases over time... because a portion of used energy is converted to heat |
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Term
| 4 observations of natural selection |
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Definition
1) overproduction- species produce more offspring thatn willing to survive
2) variation- each offspring will vary
3) limits on pop. growth- keep population in check
4) differencial reproductive success |
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Term
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Definition
| no nucleus or other membrane bound organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| cells organized into complex structures enclosed within membranes |
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Term
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Definition
vary in size and lack boundaries
-nestled within each other |
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Term
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Definition
| begins in previously uninhabited environent |
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Term
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Definition
begins in environment after destruction of all or part of earlier community.
-does not follow primary and is faster |
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Term
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Definition
| intimate relationship between members of 2 or more species. (living in or on the individuals of another species). |
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Term
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Definition
| interdependent evolution- evolve together through natural selection. adapt together |
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Term
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Definition
symbiotic relationship
-both species (who are living in close association) provides benefits to each other, |
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Term
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Definition
taking out of another's expense.
ex- varroa mites and honeybees
-weakens hosts, but rarely kills it |
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Term
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Definition
| consumption of 1 species to another. |
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Term
| predator and prey: pursuit and ambush |
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Definition
predator and prey adapt to each other in order to catch or escape.
pursuit- chase down and catch
ambush- attack by hiding, attack with colors or light to distract or blind, etc. ex- trap door spider |
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Term
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Definition
| adaptation to discourage herbivores from eating. ex- poison ivy, pineapple |
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Term
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Definition
mechanical defenses- spikes, shells
living in groups- elephants
camouflage
chemical defense- skunk |
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Term
| competition- intraspecific |
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Definition
| competition for same resources between individuals of same population |
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Term
| competition- interspecific |
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Definition
| competition for same resources between species |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms role within the structure and function of an ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| potential idealize ecological niche, might not be what theyre doing, but have the potential to do. |
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Term
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Definition
| the lifestyle the organism actually pursues and the resources it actually uses |
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Term
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Definition
exerts profound influence on a community... more important to community than what is expected based on abundance.
- usually not very many of them, but once removed, ecosystem thrown off. |
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Term
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Definition
# of species in a community determined by quantity and quality on realized/ fundamental niches.
- better able to provide ecosystem services
- higher levels of community stability
-better able to withstand disturbances |
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