Term
| The total fertility rate (TFR) for human population is affected by |
|
Definition
availability of family planning services
cultural and religious traditions
governmental policies
marriage age |
|
|
Term
| The current population of the earth is approximately |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zero Population Growth (ZPG) means that |
|
Definition
| Poeple will be born, will die, and will come and go but the size of the population will remain stable because the number of people leaving the population through death and emigration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Environmental Impact = Number of People (P) x Affluence per person (A) x environmental effects of technologies (T) |
|
|
Term
| Consider a country with a stable population and no changes in technology. If that country undergoesa DECREASE in the affluence of each individual, the environmental impact oul be expected to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consider a country with no changes in technology r affluence of each individual. If that country has an INCREASE in population, the environmental impact would be expected to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consider country A with a female literacy rate of 83% and country B with a female literacy rate of 56%. All else being equal, which country would most likely have a HIGHER TFR (total fertility rate)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consider country C in which the average age at which women marry is 23 years and country D in which the average at which women mary is 28 years. All else being equal, which country would most likely have a LOWER TFR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Birthrates and death rates stabilize at lower levels, leading to a stable, but larger population during which stage of the demographic transition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Birthrates remain high but death rates begin to decline, leading to an overall increase in population during which stage of demographic transition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In 1950, Country X had a population of 1,500,000. By 1967, Country X's population has increased to 3,000,000. Coutnry Y had a population of 650,000 in 1973. In 1988, its population was 1,300,000. Which country had the fastest doubling of its population during the periods indicated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What correctly gives the formula for determining population change |
|
Definition
| (births + immigrations) - (deaths + immigrations) = population change |
|
|
Term
| The total fertility rate (TFR) is |
|
Definition
| average number of children per woman for a country |
|
|
Term
| NOT a condition believed to be in place when today's developed countries went through the demographic transition |
|
Definition
| World population was larger than it is now |
|
|
Term
| Two types of "overpopulation" were discussed. Human (people) overpopulation |
|
Definition
is a common problem in developing countries
AND
occurs when too many people consume few resources per person |
|
|
Term
| Two types of "overpopulation" were discussed. "Consumption overpopulation..." |
|
Definition
is a common problem in highly developed countries
AND
occurs when each individual in a population consumes too large a share of the resources |
|
|
Term
| The world's most abundant fossil fuel is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fuel was primarily formed from the remains of ancient terrestrial plants in the great carboniferous forests and swamps |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is NOT true about the formation of oil and natural gas |
|
Definition
| the cap rock (or trap) is a coarse grained, porous rock in which the oil and natural gas accumulates in the pores |
|
|
Term
| Subsurface mining of coal ______________ |
|
Definition
| results in less disturbance of the land then surface mining of coal |
|
|
Term
| The mining and/or burning of coal produces and/or contributes to |
|
Definition
acide deposition
increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere
land disturbance
acid mine drainage
(all of the above) |
|
|
Term
| In __________________, huge amounts of earth are removed by heavy machinery in order to expose and extract the coal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Accurate description of primary extraction of oil |
|
Definition
| Primary extraction removes about 1/3 of the total oil deposit below ground |
|
|
Term
| Approaches mentioned in class to a "cleaner" fuel |
|
Definition
1.Washing coal pre-combution to remove some impurities.
2. Using fluidized bed technology during combustion to get more thorough combustion at lower temperatures.
3. Using scrubbers post combustion to remove certain substances from the emissions.
4. Converting coal to methane, a cleaner burning fuel, and capturing the carbon dioxide that would be emitted.
(all the above) |
|
|
Term
| Which energy source is used to produce a majority of electricity in the U.S. and world? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The largest consumer of oil is _______________. Whereas the largest producer of oil is _________________. |
|
Definition
| United States .......... Saudi Arabia |
|
|
Term
| The fossil fuel that is naturally the "cleanest" to burn is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gas created at shallow depths by the anaerobic decomposition or organic matter by bacteria is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deposits of moist sand and oil (bitumen) are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The fossil fuel that is naturally the "dirtiest" to burn is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which country has the highest per-capita energy consumption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The world's dominant enery source for the past ~40 years has been |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is considered a NONrenewable resource |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The amount of a ____________ changes only by the amount that is used each year whereas the amount of a ____________ changes as technology advances |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exposure to high heat and pressure during formation produces coal that has characteristics of: dry, very compact, high heating value and NOT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lignite forms under conditions of relatively low heat and pressure. As a result, one would expect is to exhibit what? |
|
Definition
soft
high moisture content
brownish color |
|
|
Term
| Negative environmental impacts from the production and use of oil may occur due to: |
|
Definition
Subsidence of land
Pollution of surface and groundwater
Loss, disruption, damage to ecosystems
Leaks and spills from pipes, storage tanks, transport vehicles
(all the above) |
|
|
Term
| What is a demographic transition |
|
Definition
| A model of economic and cultural change used to explain the decling death rates and birth rates that occurred in developed nations as those nations experienced industrialization |
|
|
Term
| The relationship between population growth and per capita national income ___________________ |
|
Definition
| is such that as per capita national income increases, growth rate decreases |
|
|
Term
| How does the burning of coal contribute to acid rain |
|
Definition
| Burning coal produces emissions containing sulfur and nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide which combine with moisture in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and carbonic acid |
|
|
Term
| Net energy expresses the difference between energy returned and energy invested. When comparing energy sources it is useful to use a ratio called the EROI. Assume that you have been researching existing and new energy sources and have determined their EROIs. Based only on the EROI, which would be most desirable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is "Hubbert's Peak"? |
|
Definition
| A prediction, based on rates of extraction and new discovery, of when a country's or global oil production will be at a maximum and then start to fall |
|
|
Term
| Ocean energy sources that can be used to generate electricity include |
|
Definition
| wave energy and tide energy |
|
|
Term
| what is NOT true about the potential problems associated with using ocean energy |
|
Definition
| It can produce greenhouse gases |
|
|
Term
| the creation of a reservoir (behind a hydroelectric dam) causes many types of environmental and social damage EXCEPT |
|
Definition
| production of relatively clean, renewable energy |
|
|
Term
| Hydroelectric power plants do not release CO2 directly into the atmosphere but CO2 and other greenhouse gases can be released from the reservoirs behind dams when |
|
Definition
| organic material submerged when the reservoir formed undergoes decay |
|
|
Term
| Using hydropower to generate electricity has many advantages. What is NOT an advantage of hydropower? |
|
Definition
| Hydropower dams can disrupt the migration of migratory fish |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Pumped storage is an example of the "impoundment" approach to taking advantage of hydropower? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the renewable/alternative sources of energy, which currently produces the largest percent of the United State's electricity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is NOT TRUE concerning the combustion of biomass for energy production |
|
Definition
| does not produce any greenhouse gases |
|
|
Term
| what is NOT considered a strategy for conserving energy in homes and buildings |
|
Definition
| increase the use of incadenscent light bulbs |
|
|
Term
| True of False: Even if the electricity for electric cars comes from burning fossil fuels, the electric cars are still more energy-efficient than gasoline-powered cars |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Devices that convert solar energy directly into electricity are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One way to get hydrogen for a hydrogen fuel cell is via this reaction: 2H20 --> 2H2 --> O2 . In addition to water, what is required to make this reaction happen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The energy-efficient fo buildings can be improved by: use of energy-efficient appliances, use of energy-efficient fluorescent light bulbs, use of energy-efficient windows, fixing air leaks and NOT |
|
Definition
| use of less-efficient insulation |
|
|
Term
| If one were to create electricity to run your appliances, which form of solar energy should they use |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is NOT a source of biomass for fuel |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Renewable/alternative energy sources do not include |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In class we identified four of the least energy-efficient devices. What is not one of them? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Theodore Roosevelt made many contributions to environmentalism. What is NOT one of his contributions? |
|
Definition
| He wrote, "Silent Spring" |
|
|
Term
| ______________ founded the Sierra Club |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________________ was not only the first national park in the United States, it was also the first national park in the world. |
|
Definition
| Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming |
|
|
Term
| According to the conservation ethic: |
|
Definition
| national resources should be put to use but man has a responsibility to manage wisely |
|
|
Term
| ______________is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The publication of __________________________ by Rachel Carson was a landmark environmental event of the 1960's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who helped raise public awareness of the environment through his paintings of wildlife in natural positions and settings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is NOT a true statement about the consequences associated with the use of geothermal energy |
|
Definition
| Geothermal technologies receive little attention because the amount of energy potentially available from this source is very small and would only meet our energy needs for a very short period of time |
|
|
Term
| Geothermal can be used for heating space, producing electricity, and producing high-temperature heat for industry but NOT |
|
Definition
| liquid transportation fuel |
|
|
Term
| The majority of the United State's geothermal energy is currently produced in what state? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Methods of using geothermal energy |
|
Definition
1. making use of the stable ground temperatures to heat or cool the interiors of buildings
2. using steam, produced by pumping water from the surface into cracks in hot-rocks below the surface, to turn a turbine to generate electricity
3. making direct use of hot water, to heat water or space, from hot springs near the surface |
|
|
Term
| The amount of solar energy hitting the earth from any particular location depends on |
|
Definition
the amount of cloud cover
the distance the location is from the equator
the time of day
the season of the year
(all the above) |
|
|
Term
| Converting solar energy DIRECTLY into electricity requires |
|
Definition
| Photovoltaic Cells (or photovoltaics) |
|
|
Term
| what would NOT correctly complete this statement, "Difficulties or concerns associated with the use of/reliance on solar energy include that..." |
|
Definition
| using it will upset the energy balance of nature |
|
|
Term
| The use of overhangs that block sunlight from entering a building in the summer but allowit to enter in the winter is an example of |
|
Definition
| Passive Solar Heating/Lighting |
|
|
Term
| Solar parabolic trough power generation is an example of what solar energy utilization method? |
|
Definition
Solar Concentration (concentrated solar power)/solar thermal
|
|
|
Term
| Wind is considered an indirect form of solar energy because... |
|
Definition
| Uneven heating of the earth by the sun results in differences in atmospheric temperatures and pressures which in turn cause wind |
|
|
Term
| What does NOT apply to wind power |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True of False: Using wind to generate electricity has a lower EROI than when using nuclear energy or coal to generate electricity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bat deaths associated with wind turbines are believed to be caused by ____________________ rather than by impacting the blades |
|
Definition
| drops in air pressure near the blades that leads to the explosion of the bats' delicate lungs |
|
|
Term
| "Wind Turbine Syndrome" is a name that some researchers are using to refer to the collection of symptoms that some people who live near wind turbines are claiming to be suffering from as a result of the wind turbines. These symptoms DO NOT include |
|
Definition
| Bright light from the solar concentration mirrors |
|
|
Term
| What renewable/alternative energy source is currently the fastest growing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT a water pollution category:
Municipal
Industrial
Agricultural
Groundwater
Domestic
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conventional wastewater treatment (primary and secondary treatment) does NOT remove what pollutant from wastewater? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are NON-CONSUMPTIVE uses of water? |
|
Definition
Using water to generate power at a hydroelectric plant along a river
Using waterways for commercial navigation |
|
|
Term
| What are potential sources for groundwater pollution |
|
Definition
Runoff from animal feed-lots
Poorly designed and maintained septic systems
Application of fertilizers to agricultural lands
Leaks from underground storage tanks containing gasoline and other hazardous substances
(all the above) |
|
|
Term
| Renewable fossil fuels include all of the following except: Fossil Fuels, Geothermal, Sun, Wind, Biomass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The amount of solar energy hitting the earth depends on |
|
Definition
the amount of cloud cover, the distance an area of the earth is from the equator, the time of day, the season of the year
(all the above) |
|
|
Term
| What does NOT complete this statement, "Difficulties with solar energy include..." |
|
Definition
| "using it will upset the energy balanceof nature" |
|
|
Term
| Approximately ____ percent ofthe earth's surface is covered by water yet the total amount of freshwater available for human use is approximately ______ percent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most freshwater is present in the form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The upper limit of an unconfined aquifier of water is termed the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What accounts for the major consumptive use of water in most parts of the world |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is NOT one of the 4 board use categories for water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 braoad use categories for water |
|
Definition
Domestic
Agricultural
Industrial
In-Stream
|
|
|
Term
| What is NOT a water pollutant category |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water pollutant categories |
|
Definition
Toxic Chemicals
Dissolved Organic Matter
Nutrients
Physical Particles
|
|
|
Term
| What does NOT apply to wind power |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NOT true about the consequences associated with the use of geothermal energy
|
|
Definition
| Geothermal technologies receive little attention because the amount of energy available from this source is very small and would meet our needs for a very short period of time |
|
|
Term
| what is NOT considered a strategy for conserving energy in homes and buildings |
|
Definition
| Increase the use of incandescent light bulbs |
|
|
Term
| __________ is a pollutant in the lower atmosphere that resultsfrom human activities but is a natural and beneficial gas in the stratosphere that prevents much of the solar ultraviolet radiation from penetrating to the earth's surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemical formula for ozone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The use of overhans that block sunlight in summer but allow the sunlight in winter to warm up the building is an example of |
|
Definition
| passive solar heating/lighting |
|
|
Term
| The "ozone hole" originally was used to refer to the large area over _______________ in which there is a very significant seasonal thinning of ozone in the stratosphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True of False: Ozone constantly forms, breaks down, and reforms in the stratosphere in a series of natural reactions involving molecular oxygen and ultraviolet light that occur in the stratosphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chloroflurocarbons were initially considered "dream chemicals" because of all of the following characteristics: chemically stable, nonflammable, nontoxic, odorless EXCEPT: |
|
Definition
| Long lag time between their release at ground level and their arrival in the stratosphere |
|
|
Term
| No new commercial nuclear reactors have been built in the United States in a number of years. This is because... |
|
Definition
| There is negative public and political sentiment and uncertainty over reactor safety |
|
|
Term
| _____________ occurs when neutrons impact and split the nuclei of certain atoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is NOT a concern associated with nuclear energy |
|
Definition
| Low cost of building nuclear power plants |
|
|
Term
| True of False: Despite the nuclearscares at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl, nuclear power plant building projects increased by 200% over what was projected during the 1980's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True of False: The United States Department of Energy oversaw the production of nuclear weapons in such a way that there is little, if any, residual radioactive waste that now needs to be disposed of in the nuclear laboratories |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True of False: In a nuclear reactor, the control rods are made from fissionable material and they increase the speed of the reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is NOT one of the primary air pollutants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Volatile Organic Compounds
Carbon Monoxide
Sulfur Dioxide
Nitrogen Oxides |
|
|
Term
| what DOES NOT result in the production of particulates |
|
Definition
| interaction of CFCs with ultraviolet radiation |
|
|
Term
| What processes result in the production of particulates |
|
Definition
Farming
Construction
Volcanoes
Desertification |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas?
Carbon Dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide
Methane
Chlorofluorocarbons
Nitrous Oxide
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What activity is responsible for the largest percentage of human-made carbon dioxide emissions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the process in which 2 lightweight atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, releasing a large amount of energy |
|
|
Term
| The period of time required for one-half of a radioactive substance to decompose (change into a different material) is known as its... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The greatest problem with the use of nuclear power (to generate electricity) is its production of |
|
Definition
| Radiation that is released into the surrounding region |
|
|
Term
Air pollution results in all of the followin except:
damage to structures
damage to ecosystems
reduced value of aesthetic scenery
improved water quality
human health effects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following are factors that contribute to extremely poor air quality in megacities of developing countries except:
extremely small human populations
heavy use of open fires
large numbers of poorly maintained autombiles
poor regulated industrial plants
large human populations |
|
Definition
| extremely small human populations |
|
|
Term
| what greenhouse gas is more abundant in the atmosphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What greenhouse gas enters the atmosphere primarily as a waste product produced by microorganisms living in rice fields, wetlands, and the guts of termites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The difference between primary and secondary air pollutants is that primary air pollutants |
|
Definition
| enter the atmosphere directly, whereas secondary pollutants result from the interaction of primary pollutants in the atmosphereinthe presence of sunlight |
|
|
Term
The creation of a reservoir (behind a hydroelectric dam) causes significant environmental and social damage EXCEPT:
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following names the form of energy that can be succesfully used in buildings, is relatively cheap to construct, and simply uses the sun to heat a surface, which warms the inside of the building.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is considered among the least energy-efficient devices in widespread use today? |
|
Definition
incandescent light bulb
nuclear power plants producing electricity for space heating or water heating
|
|
|
Term
What is most responsible for ozone depletion?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CFCs are heavy molecules that stay in the troposphere |
|
|
Term
Increases in ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth as a result of depletion of the ozone layer will cause an increase in everything EXCEPT
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Chlorofluorocarbons are used for many purposes EXCEPT:
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is NOT considered an ozone-depleting compound?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How do chloroflurocarbons cause the ozone layer to become depleted?
|
|
Definition
chlorine, released when chlorofluorocarbons breakdown in the presence of ultraviolet light, is very reactive and it reacts with ozone (O3),
eventually converting it to molecular oxygen (O2) and atomic oxygen (O) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A neighborhood in Niagara Falls, New York, which became the subject of national and international attention, controversy, and eventual environmental notoriety following the discovery of 21,000 tons of toxic waste that had been buried beneath the neighborhood by Hooker Chemical
. |
|
|
Term
| What purpose does the Love Canal now serve |
|
Definition
| Reminder that we can't just throw things away and that wastes don't stay put |
|
|
Term
| CERCLA and relationship to the "super fund" |
|
Definition
Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act
Created in repsonse to the Love Canal issue
Puts a special tax on chemical and petroleum producers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
any unwanted or discarded material that isn’t liquid or gas |
|
|
Term
| How much of the world's solid waste is produced by the U.S.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
U.S. solid waste comes from what combination of sources
|
|
Definition
mining, oil and gas production, agriculture and industry, sewage sludge, municipal solid waste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
from homes and businesses in or near urban areas |
|
|
Term
| Major Components of MSW in the U.S. |
|
Definition
| Paper and Cardboard, Yard Waste, Food Waste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
any solid or liquid material that contains one or more of 39 compounds at levels that exceed established limits
- catches fire easily
- reactive/unstable enough to explode to release toxic fumes
- capable of corroding metal containers |
|
|
Term
| Hazardous waste does NOT include |
|
Definition
radioactive wastes,hazardous and toxic materials discarded by households, mining wastes,oil- and gas-drilling wastes,liquid wastes containing organic hydrocarbon compounds,cement kiln dust, wastes from small businesses and factories that generate less than 100 kilograms (220 pounds) of hazardous waste/month |
|
|
Term
| ______ percent of the world's hazardous waste is produced in the U.S. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 methods for dealing with waste |
|
Definition
Waste Management
Waste Prevention |
|
|
Term
| Aspects of Waste Management |
|
Definition
High-waste approach
Views waste production as unavoidable
Attempts to manage waste by: burying, burning, transferring |
|
|
Term
| aspects of waste prevention |
|
Definition
low waste approach
views waste as potential resources or harmful substances
focuses on: discouraging production, encouraging prevention |
|
|
Term
| How can we reduce waste and pollution |
|
Definition
1st priority - change industrial processes, purchase different products, redesign products
2nd priority - reuse, repair, recycle, compost
Last priority - treat waste, incinerate waste, bury waste, release waste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Surfacewater, groundwater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unconfined aquifer, confined aquifer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Several gases in atmosphere, absorb infrared radiation, lead to greenhouse effect, greenhouse gases |
|
|
Term
| Global Warming prevention strategies |
|
Definition
cut fossil fuel use
improve energy efficiency
renewable energy/resources
reduce deforestation |
|
|
