Term
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Definition
| Reciprocal evolutionary change between interacting species, driven by natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
| Selection that occurs in two species, due to their interactions with another; the critical prerequisite of coevolution |
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Term
Coevolutionary Escalation
(Coevolutionary arms race) |
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Definition
| Species interact antagonistically in a way that results in each species exerting reciprocal directional selection on the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolutionary arms race with no end |
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Term
| Name some Anti-predator adaptions |
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Definition
- Toxins, spines, arm, large bodies, etc
- Warning coloration (aposematic coloration)
- Cryptic coloration (camouflage coloration)
- Mimicry (of a model/environment)
- Flash coloration
- Behavorial modification
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Term
| Name some Predator adaptations: |
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Definition
- Mimicry
- Cryptic coloration
- Speed
- acute senses
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when harmless species resembles harmful or distasteful species, deriving protection from predators |
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Term
| What are the coevolutionary relationships associated with Batesian Mimicry? |
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Definition
For Model-Mostly neutral, sometimes negative
For Mimic-Always Positive
For Predator - Negative |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when several harmful or distasteful species resemble each other in appearance, facilitating the learned avoidance of predators |
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Term
| What are the coevolutionary relationships associated with Mullerian Mimicry |
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Definition
For Model- Always Positive
For Mimic- Always Positive
For Predator- Negative |
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Term
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Definition
-
Symbiosis in which one of the organisms lives inside the other.
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Term
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Definition
| A trait or integrated suite of traits that increase the fitness of the possessor |
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Term
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Definition
| Having a trait that shows or has a capacity for or tendency towards adaptation |
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Term
| Negative frequency-dependent selection |
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Definition
| When the relative fitness is higher in rare genotypes and less in common ones |
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Term
| When does selection occur? |
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Definition
| When genotypes differ in their relative fitness |
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Term
| The outcome of selection depends on what? |
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Definition
| The frequency of an allele as well as its effects on fitness |
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Term
| When does drift have more of an effect on the population? |
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Definition
| When populations are small |
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Term
| How can drift effect selection? (Enhance by ____, oppose by _____) |
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Definition
- Enhance- by removing harmful alleles that have been driven to low frequency by selection
- Oppose- by removing beneficial alleles
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Term
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Definition
| The probability that the two alleles at any locus in an individual will be identical because of common descent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when selection favors heterozygote individuals over either the dominant homozygote or recessive homozygote |
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Term
| What is the ultimate source of heritable genetic variation? |
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Definition
| The gradual accumulation of mutations within populations |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement/migration between of alleles between individuals of different populations |
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Term
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Definition
| when a mutation in a single gene affects the expression of more than one different phenotypic trait |
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Term
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Definition
| success of an organism at surviving and reproducing, thus contributing offspring to future generations |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes the loss of allelic variation that accompanies founding of a new population from a very small number of individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| An event in which the number of individuals in a population is reduced drastically |
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Term
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Definition
| Random, nonrepresentative sampling of alleles from a population during breeding; causes the allelic composition of a population to change between generations |
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Term
| When does selection have more of an effect on the population? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| species designation and identification is based on the morphological differences between populations |
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Term
| What concept is the primary way fossils are assigned? |
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Definition
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Term
| Biological Species Concept |
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Definition
| Species are groups of actually, or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups |
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Term
| What concept is used for different populations that do not hybridize regularly in nature, or when they fail to produce fertile offspring? |
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Definition
| Biological Species Concept |
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Term
| Phylogenetic Species Concept |
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Definition
| Identifies species as being monophyletic based on comparisons with other populations |
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Term
| Which concept looks at genetic divergence as well as morphological traits? |
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Definition
| Phylogenetic Species Concept |
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Term
| What approach works on sexually and asexually reproducing plants, fossils, and in many cases prokaryotes? |
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Definition
| Phylogenetic Species Concept |
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Term
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Definition
| study of allele distributions and frequencies |
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Term
| What is the allele outcome in populations affected by gene flow (migrations) from ancestor to later populations? |
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Definition
| New alleles enter the population (Figure 6.3, pg. 165) |
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Term
| What is the allele outcome in populations affected by genetic drift from ancestor to later populations? |
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Definition
| Purple allele is lost (Figure 6.3, pg 165) |
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Term
| What is the allele outcome in populations affected by mutations from ancestor to later populations? |
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Definition
| New genetic variant appears in the population (Figure 6.3, pg. 165) |
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Term
| What is the allele outcome in populations affected by natural selection from ancestor to later populations? |
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Definition
| Red allele becomes less common (Figure 6.3, pg. 165) |
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Term
| What is the allele outcome in populations affected by the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium from ancestor to later populations? |
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Definition
| Allele frequencies do not change (Figure 6.3, pg. 165) |
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Term
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Definition
| Allele that remains in a population when all of the alternative alleles have disappeared. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a mutation with beneficial effects for one trait also causes detrimental effects on other traits |
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Term
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Definition
| Selection that decreases the frequency of alleles within a population |
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Term
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Definition
| Selection that increases allele frequency in a population |
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Term
| When does Negative selection occur? |
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Definition
| Whenever the average excess for fitness of an allele is less than zero |
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Term
| When does Positive selection occur? |
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Definition
| Whenever the average excess for fitness of an allele is greater than zero. |
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Term
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Definition
| An allele that yields twice the phenotypic effect when two copies are present at a given locus than occurs when only one copy is present |
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Term
[image]
This poorly drawn chart shows the effects of positive selection on additive, recessive, and dominant alleles. Match the line to the allele |
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Definition
Red-Dominant
Orange-Additive
Blue-Recessive |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How does coevolution affect species evolution? |
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Definition
| By exerting selective pressure on the other species |
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Term
| Positive/Positive mutualism |
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Definition
| A relationship between species that raises each other's fitness |
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Term
| Examples of Positive/Positive mutualism |
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Definition
- Pollination
- Seed dispersal
- Nutrient exchange between mycorrhiza and plants
- Farming
- Animals and microbiota
- Cleaners
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Term
| Give examples of coevolved adaptations of positive/positive mutualism |
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Definition
- Bright colors on flowers attract insects and birds. Hummingbirds insert slender bills into flower tubes
- Farmed fungi can grow only inside ant nests. Ants kill fungi that invade gardens
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Term
| Positive/Neutral Commensalism |
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Definition
| A relationship in which one species benefits but the other suffers no loss of fitness |
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Term
| Example of Positive/Neutral Commensalism |
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Definition
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Term
| Negative/Positve relationship |
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Definition
| A relationship that leads to significant fitness loss for one species, but benefits the other. |
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Term
| Examples of Negative/Positive relationship |
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Definition
- Predator and Prey
- Herbivores and plants
- Deceptive pollination
- Host and parasite
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Term
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Definition
| Selection that occurs in two species, due to their interactions with one another. |
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Term
| What is a critical prerequisite of coevolution? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is central to the dynamics of coevolution? |
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Definition
| Geographic structure of population |
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Term
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Definition
| Smallest evolutionary independent unit |
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Term
| What is the smallest evolutionary independent unit? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes species to exist? (HINT: think isolation) |
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Definition
| When they are genetically isolated from one another because of lack of gene flow |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An increase in genetic diversity caused by heterogeneity of coevolutionary processes across the range of ecological partners |
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Term
| What are the five conditions that must be met to achieve Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? |
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Definition
- Population must be very large
- Population must be isolated from other populations
- No mutations
- Random mating
- No natural selection
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Term
| What are the fundamental conclusions provided by Hardy-Weinberg? |
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Definition
- The allele frequencies in a population will not change, generation after generation.
- If the allele frequencies in a population are given by p and q, the genotype frequencies will be given by (p2 + 2pq + q2).
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Term
| What are the assumptions underlying Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? |
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Definition
- Organisms are diploid
- Only sexual reproduction occurs
- generations are non overlapping
- mating is random
- population size is infinitely large
- allele frequencies are equal in the sexes
- No migration, mutation, or selection
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Term
When are homozygotes favored by selection? |
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Definition
In cases of additive alleles
"Favorable alles can be carried all the way to fixation because heterozygous individuals will have higher fitness than individuals lacking the allele, and homozygous individuals will fare even better. Eventually, the population will contain only individuals homozygous for the allele." (pg. 180) See figure 6.17, pg. 181 |
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Term
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Definition
| Change from a situation where ≤ two variants of an allele to a situation where only one of the alleles remains. |
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Term
| When does fixation occur? |
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Definition
When all alleles in the population are the same
Exp: Buri's experiment with Drosophila. At the start, most populations were p=0.5, he ended with most populations near p=1 (fixation) or p=0 (elimination) |
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Term
| When does fixation occur rapidly? |
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Definition
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Term
| Will fixation occur eventually? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does negative frequency-dendent selection work? |
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Definition
EXP: two different colored flowers
When one color starts to disappear from the population, its fitness relative to the other color increases, "pulling it back from the brink" until it becomes common again. When it becomes too common, the fitness of the other color increases, and it then spreads in the population
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Term
| What is an example of heterozygote advantage? |
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Definition
| Sickle-cell anemia carriers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of balancing selection? |
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Definition
| Heterozygote carriers of sickle-cell anemia. Heterozygotes makes the population more resistant overall to malaria, but also can cause sickle-cell anemia in population |
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Term
| What impacts do mutations alone have on selection |
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Definition
Increase or decrease selection:
Negative selection
Postive selection |
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Term
| Are mutations usually deleterious, beneficial, or neutral? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the relationship between population size and mutation impact? |
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Definition
| The impact of mutations will have more affect on smaller populations |
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Term
[image]
What type of relationship is this? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Only sampling a portion of the population, leaving the chance that alleles might be lost |
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Term
| How does evolution involve sampling error? |
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Definition
| Changes in gene frequency as a result of sampling error is called "genetic drift" |
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Term
| What are the benefits of inbreeding? |
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Definition
| Uniformity, increased prepotency, fixing of desired alleles |
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Term
| What are the disadvantages of inbreeding? |
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Definition
| Higher mortality, decreased fitness |
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Term
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Definition
| Group of spatially separated populations of the same species that interact at some level (e.g., exchange alleles) |
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Term
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Definition
| an aspect of the environment that reduces or impedes gene flow from individuals of other species. |
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Term
| What are the two forms of isolation barriers? |
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Definition
| Geographic and reproductive |
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Term
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Definition
| Populations are in separate, non-overlapping geographic areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolutionary process by which new species arise |
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Term
| What causes one evolutionary lineage to split into two or more lineages? |
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Definition
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Term
| General lineage species concept |
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Definition
| Idea that species are metapopulations of organisms that exchange alleles frequently enough that they comprise the same gene pool and therefore the same evolutionary lineage. |
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Term
| Under what populations conditions does inbreeding have a minimal impact? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Reduction in the average fitness of inbred individuals relative to the of outbred individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| describes the process that declining populations undergo when "a mutual reinforcement occurs among biotic and abiotic process that drives population size downward to extinction" |
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Term
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Definition
| burden imposed by the acumulation of deleterious mutations |
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Term
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Definition
| Two organisms that live in symbiosis with one another. |
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Term
| What is Secondary contact |
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Definition
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Term
| Pre-zygotic reproduction isolation |
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Definition
| Barriers that impede gene flow after sperm or pollen has been transferred but before fertilization has occured |
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Term
| What is an example of pre-zygotic reproductive isolation? |
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Definition
(Pre-mating) Mechanical: Damselfly aedeagi, Guppy fish
(Pre-mating) Behavorial: Greater Prairie Chicken, Sharp-tailed Grouse |
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Term
| Post-zygotic reproductive isolation |
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Definition
| Isolating barriers that act after a zygote begins to develop; hybrid offspring that are sterile or infertile |
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Term
| What are examples of post-zygotic reproductive isolation? |
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Definition
| Hybrid sterility: Mule, Zebroid |
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Term
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Definition
| Pattern in which populations that live in close proximity are genetically more similar to each other than populations that live farther apart. |
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Term
| When does hybridization result in reinforcement? |
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Definition
| In populations of increased areas of reproductive isolation selecting against hybrid offspring, or in areas in which the hybrids have lower fitness |
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Term
| When does hybridization result in speciation? |
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Definition
| When hybridization between two different species leads to a new species |
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Term
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Definition
| speciation that occurs when biological populations of the same species become vicariant i.e. isolated from each other |
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Term
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Definition
| Formation of two or more species from single ancestral species within the same geographical area |
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Term
| When might sympatric speciation occur? |
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Definition
| In self-fertilizing plants |
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Term
| When might allopatric speciation occur? |
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Definition
| River formation separating a population of moles |
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Term
| What are the forms of barriers that make allopatric speciation possible? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer of genes b/t organsims in a manner other than traditional reproduction |
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Term
| Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities |
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Definition
| genetic incompatibilities in hybrid offspring arising from epistatic interactions between two or more loci |
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