Term
| List the four main stages to produce simple cells. |
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Definition
1. the abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules such as amino acids and nucleotides
2. the joining of these small molecules into macromolecules including proteins and nucleic acids
3. the packaging of these molecules into "protobionts", droplets with membranes that maintain an internal chemistry diff. from that of their surroundings
4. the origin of self-replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance possible |
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Term
| Who confirmed that life arises only by the reproduction of preexisting life? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the rate of change of a nucleotide in a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| imprints or remains of organisms that lived in the past |
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Term
| What is the mechanism for evolution? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define natural selection. |
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Definition
| natural forces having an effect on a population |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of organisms with similar characteristics that can mate and produce fertile offspring |
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Term
| Define artificial selection |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the key points of evolution? |
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Definition
-individuals don't evolve
-natural selection can amplify or diminish only heritable traits
-evolution isn't goal oriented |
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Term
| What were Darwin's two observations? |
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Definition
-heritable variation
-overproduction of offspring |
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Term
| What ware Darwin's two inferences? |
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Definition
-individuals with heritable variations are more likely to survive and reproduce
-unequal production will cause favorable traits to accumulate |
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Term
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Definition
| a frequent event in Earth's history resulting in the irrevocable loss of a species |
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Term
| What contributions did Lamarck create? |
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Definition
| stated that life evolves, inheritance of acquired traits, use and disuse |
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Term
| What contributions did Lyell make? |
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Definition
| wrote Principles of Geology that stated that over time modern species have arisen from ancestral species |
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Term
| What was the main idea of "On the Origin of Species"? |
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Definition
| strong logical explanation for evolution, descent with modification |
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Term
| What contributions did Wallace make? |
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Definition
| contributed to the publication of Darwin's book |
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Term
| What contributions did Malthis make? |
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Definition
| contended about human suffering was the inescapable consequences of human populations |
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Term
| List 4 diff. types of adaptations. |
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Definition
| behavioral, structural, biochemical, physiological |
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Term
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Definition
| scientist who studies fossils |
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Term
| Define comparative anatomy. |
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Definition
| comparing anatomical characteristics of diff. organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| footprints, burrows, and other remnants of an ancient organism's behavior |
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Term
| When do entire fossils occur? |
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Definition
| when the individual is buried in a medium that prevents bacteria and fungi from decomposing the corpse |
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Term
| What contributions did Rosemary and Peter grant make? |
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Definition
| worked on Darwin's finches |
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Term
| List the four things that Darwin used to develop his theory? |
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Definition
-evidence from biogeography
-examples of artificial selection
-comparative anatomy
-fossil record |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the orientation of fossils by age. (where are the oldest located, where are the youngest located) |
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Definition
top=youngest
bottom=oldest |
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Term
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Definition
| the sequence in which fossils appear within layers of sedimentary rocks |
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Term
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Definition
| geographic distribution of species |
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Term
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Definition
| similarity in characteristics that results from common ancestry |
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Term
| Define homologous structures. |
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Definition
| features that often have diff. functions, but are structurally similar b/c of common ancestry |
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Term
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Definition
| structures that are of marginal or perhaps no importance to the organism |
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Term
| Define evolutionary tree. |
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Definition
| a branching tree that reflects a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships among organisms |
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Term
| What does comparative anatomy illustrate? |
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Definition
| evolution is a remodeling process in which ancestral structures become modified to take on new functions |
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Term
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Definition
| a group individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| change in heritable traits in a population over generations |
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Term
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Definition
| total collection of genes in a population at any one time |
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Term
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Definition
| change in the relative frequencies of alleles in a gene pool over time |
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Term
| Define population genetics. |
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Definition
| studies how populations change genetically over time |
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Term
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Definition
| connects Darwin's theory with population genetics |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA |
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Term
| Define Hardy Weinberg principle |
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Definition
| states that allele and genotype frequencies within a sexually reproducing diploid population will remain in equilibrium unless outside forces act to change those frequencies |
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Term
| What do public health scientists use the Hardy Weinberg principle for? |
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Definition
| estimate frequencies of disease-causing alleles in the human population |
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Term
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Definition
| change in the gene pool of a population due to chance |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of individuals between population and can alter allele frequencies |
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Term
| Define bottleneck effect. |
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Definition
| leads to a loss of genetic diversity when a population is greatly reduced |
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Term
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Definition
| when a few individuals colonize a new habitat |
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Term
| What are 3 main causes of evolutionary change? |
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Definition
| natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow |
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Term
| Define stabilizing selection. |
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Definition
| favors intermediate phenotypes, acting against extreme phenotypes |
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Term
| Define directional selection |
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Definition
| acts against individuals of one of the phenotypic extremes |
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Term
| Define disruptive selection |
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Definition
| favors individuals at both extremes of phenotypic range |
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Term
| Where is stabilizing selection common? |
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Definition
| where environments are stable |
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Term
| When is directional selection common? |
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Definition
| during periods of environmental change, or when a population migrates to a new and diff. habitat |
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Term
| When is disruptive selection likely? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define sexual dimorphism. |
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Definition
| where males and females show distinctly diff. appearances |
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Term
| Define intrasexual competition. |
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Definition
| involves competition for females, usually by males (males against males) |
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Term
| Define intersexual competition. |
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Definition
| individuals of one sex are choosy on picking their males (females choose males) |
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Term
| What is the excessive use of antibiotics leading to? |
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Definition
| the evolution of antibiotic resistant bacteria |
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Term
| What can selection only act on? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can natural selection not conjure up? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is evolution limited by? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are adaptations often regarded as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What three things interact regarding evolution? |
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Definition
| chance, natural selection, and the environment |
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Term
| Define paleoanthropology. |
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Definition
| the study of human origins and evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| speices that are more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees and are therefore on the human branch of the evolutionary tree |
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Term
| What does the term hominoid refer to? |
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Definition
| apes, including humans, and that anthropoid |
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Term
| What is a common misconception of the hominid branch? |
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Definition
| to think of human evolution as a parade of hominids leading directly from an ancestral hominoid to Homo sapiens |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is a clue to upright stance? |
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Definition
| the location of the opening in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord exits |
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Term
| Define adaptive radiation. |
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Definition
| the evolution of many diverse species from a common ancestor |
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Term
| Define punctuated equilibria. |
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Definition
| in the fossil record, long periods of apparent stasis in which a species undergoes little or no morphological change interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change |
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Term
| Define divergent evolution (gradual model). |
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Definition
| one species slowly "diverges" into two species |
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Term
| Define convergent evolution. |
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Definition
| species from different evolutionary branches may come to resemble one another if they live in similar environments and natural selection favors similar adaptations |
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Term
| Give an example of convergent evolution. |
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Definition
| Australian mole and North American mole |
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Term
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Definition
| series of reciprocal evolutionary changes in two species |
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Term
| Describe the atmosphere of early Earth. |
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Definition
thick with vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and hydrogen sulfide
-lightning, volcanic activity, and UV radiation were much more intense |
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Term
| What did the Miller-Urey experiments demonstrate? |
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Definition
| that the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules is possible |
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Term
|
Definition
| that conditions on early Earth could have generated organic molecules |
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Term
| What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the five conditions for the Hardy-Weinberg principle? |
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Definition
1. very large population
2. no gene flow between populations
3. no mutations
4. random mating
5. no natural selection
(Population, Flow, Mutation, Mating, Natural) |
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Term
| Fill in the blank: Natural selection doesn't -------- genetic diversity, it ------ genetic diversity. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the contribution of an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals |
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Term
| Identify the type of natural selection. [image] |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Identify the type of natural selection. [image] |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Identify the type of natural selection.[image] |
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Definition
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