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| select representative units of population for research |
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| increases precision and contributes to external validity |
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| rigorous random selection of subjects to rep pop |
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| % of the representatives of the pop |
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| hand pick subjects to rep pop |
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| equal chance of being chosen |
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| predetermine sample size, lists all units-laborous |
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| population divided into 2+ strata (ethnicity/gender) |
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| successive random sampling, 1st draw random sample of nursing schools, then sample of students |
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| selection of every other case to develop randomization |
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| sample size: type 1 error |
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| if sample is too small you may reject null hypothesis when you should have accepted it |
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| researcher may accept null hypothesis when they should reject it |
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| 335-280 BC: recognized brain as center of CNS through changes in pulse |
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| 988-1037 Persian Dr introduced clinical trials/experimentation |
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| "The Cannon of Medicine" created rules to drug studies |
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| Discovered small pox vaccine 1796 |
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| 1820-1910 introduced sanitary wound care in Crimean War |
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| 1902 study hypothesis that yellow fever was caused by infected mosquito rather than bad living conditions. Introduced INFORMED CONCENT |
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| program at Hadamar designed to kill mental/physically disabled jews |
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| pedi doc helped jews in ghetto |
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| performed sterilization experiments on Jewish women |
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| Dutch nurse cared for Anne Frank |
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| established that people should consent and be informed of studies |
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| 1932-1972 black males were denied treatment after being monitored for 40 years. they were denied PENICILLIN |
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| 1974 developed guidelines for research studies |
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| 1979 ethical principles/guidlines for research |
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| ability of instruments to measure CONSISTENTLY |
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| ability of instruments to measure ACCURATELY |
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| concerned with random error |
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| concerned with systemic error |
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| validity (errors are constant/consistent) |
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observed test score
score plus error |
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| does the instrument measure the right content (pain scale) |
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does the score represent performance (does pain scale rep pt's pain)
if >70 correlation=validity |
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| how well does the instrument measure? how well does the pain scale measure pain |
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| bluntly ask the judge if they believe item is part of content (not strong validity) |
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multi-trait/multi-method approach
convergent/divergent |
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| measures each item to total scale |
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| homogenity in instruments |
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| most common compares each item in a linkert-scaled |
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interrater reliability
2 observers make same observation
reliability of observers is tested not instruments |
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