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| study of early cultures and lifestyles to answer questions about human behavior, uses artifacts and material culture left behind |
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| study of the origin of language and human speech and how it relates to culture |
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study of human body in frame work of evolution
old-osteometry, anthropometry, racial taxonomy
new-functional anatomy, field work, population genetics |
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| observation, hypothesis, test, theory |
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| change in gene frequency in a population over time |
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| first explanation for evolution |
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| variability and natural selection, importance of sexual reproduction |
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| independently developed idea of natural selection and variability |
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| major forces of evolution |
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Definition
| mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection, founder's effect |
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| mammalian characteristics |
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Definition
| homeiotherm, heterodontism, reproductive economy, inquisitive behavior |
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| characteristics of primates |
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Definition
| pentadactyly, nails, bony eye sockets, mobile digits, shortened nose, smell less important, vision more important, elaboration of brain, better gestation/longer infant dependency |
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| primate characteristics are a consequence of primate diversification in trees |
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| viual predation hypothesis |
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Definition
| primates first adapted to shrubs by killing and eating small insects through stealth |
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| prosimians, anthropoids (platyrrhine- new world nostrils to the side, catarrhine- old world nostrils face front) |
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| prosimian characteristics |
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Definition
lemurs, lorises, galagoes
small body size, olfaction/wet nose, resemble primate ancestor, tethered upper lip |
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| anthropoid characteristics |
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Definition
monkeys, apes, humans
larger body, dry nose, color vision, mobile upper lip, fused mandible, longer gestation period |
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| nocturnal, tooth comb, grooming claw, dental formula = 2133 |
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ceboids or playarrhines
prehensile tail, arboreal, male care for young, 2133 |
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catahrrines,
no prehensile tail, diurnal, 2123 |
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| ring tailed lemur, Madagascar, terrestrial and arobrreal, quadrupedal, plants only, females dominate |
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| mantled howling monkey, central and south america, arboreal, quadrupedal, plant material, linear dominance heritage |
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| patas monkey, sub-saharan africa, terrestrial, quadrupedal, folivore, one male harem |
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| vervet monkey, subsaharan africa, terrestrial and arboreal, quadrupedal, omnivore, multimale and multi female |
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| common baboon, subsaharan africa, terrestrial and arboreal, quadrupedal, omnivore, multi male and multi female |
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| hamadryas baboon, northeast africa, terrestrial, quadrupedal, folivore, one-male harem |
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| gelada baboon, northeast africa, terrestrial, quadrupedal, folivore, one male harem |
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| Japanese monkey, only in Japan, terrestrial and arboreal, omnivore, quadrupedal, multi male and multi female |
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| hanuman langor, asia- india and pakistan, terrestrial and arboreal, quadrupedal, folivore, multi male and multi female, one male harems |
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| gibbon, southeast asia, arboreal, brachiator, fruit and leaves, pair bonded |
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| gorilla, central america, terrestrial and arboreal, quadrupedal, folivores, silverback male |
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| vertical clining and leaping, arm swinging |
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Definition
| pre adapted for bipedalism |
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| hominids and hominoids share |
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Definition
| broad thorax, reduced lumbar region, scapular location, clavicle position, position of arm socket, long arm relative to body, broad pelvis |
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| s shaped curve, non divergent big toe, arched foot, functional axis across big toe |
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