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| Conquistador, sailed to India. |
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| Sailed past Cape of Good Hope |
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| Crew circumnavigated the globe |
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| medium of trade began shifting, outgrowth of partnerships, regulated companies & joint-stock companies developed new commodities (slaves, cash crops, coffee, potatoes). Evolutionary more than revolutionary. |
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| caused by influx of gold and silver from new world. Inflation & start of capitalism |
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| Domestic System/Putting out |
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| Merchants give undeveloped products to peasants and take back finished product. |
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| Spanish settlements, fortress-housing-church |
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| second Portuguese governor of India |
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| means of production of goods or services |
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| Commercialization of Industry |
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| economy based on gold, Spanish bullions |
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| The East India Companies (1600) |
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| English joint stock venture, became permanent 1657 |
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| Treaty of Tordesillas (June 7, 1494) |
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| divided Americas between Portuguese and Spanish |
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| Fixed rents vs. payment in kind |
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| set rate vs. floating rate |
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| Put a limit on how much peasants could work |
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| landed aristocracy in Prussia and East Germany |
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| Lord of the world, Hapsburg, divided territory between son (Philip II), Brother (Ferdinand I) |
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| Battle of Mohac (August 29, 1526) |
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| Ottomans defeated Hungry. Ottomans & Hapsburgs got stuff. Advance in Protestantism. |
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| Inherited holding 1553-1555. Attempted to consolidate Europe. Economy based on Bullionism. Wanted catholic Europe. Cracked down with Inquisition. Spanish armada was defeated under him. Sack of Antwerp, tried to take more power than traditional in the Netherlands and was rewarded with a revolt (Sent Duke of Alba in). He had good relations with England until Elizabeth began issuing Letters of Marque, and sent the failed Armada against them in 1588 |
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| Castle in Madrid. Inside monastery. Philip II |
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| Holy League defeated Ottomans. Height of Spanish power in Mediterranean. |
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| Was sent to put down the Netherlands, Council of Blood. |
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| Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma |
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| (Spanish blood) League of Arras, nearly subdued Netherlands but idiotic Philip II withdrew the troops. |
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| Mother of Alex Farnese. Illegitimate daughter of Charles. |
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| Gave and preserved Dutch liberties |
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| Alva’s extension of the Inquisition in the Netherlands. Executed count Hoorn and Count Egmont both catholic but William of Orange escaped. Also executed another 1500 religious dissedents. |
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| St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (August 24, 1572) |
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| Henry de Guise began to massacre Huguenots. Killed 30,000 Huguenots. |
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| holds power over Charles IX. Has Admiral Coligny shot. |
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| Queen of England 1558-1603. Defeated Spanish Armada. Politque. Wanted to avoid warfare. Threatened by Scotland George Lord Darnley saved the day. Protects Mary Queen of Scots. |
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| Netherlands. 17 providences. Revolted a lot. |
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| Phillip II really wanted this in th whole f Europe. Generlly rerfers toevryone being catholic |
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| Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis |
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| (1559) ends the Hapsburgs-Valois wars in Italy with Spain as the victor |
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| Calvinist Sack of Antwerp (1556) |
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| Calvinists burn and pillage St. Mary’s Cathedral in Antwerp, which angers the Knights of the Golden Fleece. Begins the revolt. |
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| Pacification of Ghent (November 8, 1576) |
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| unification of all 17 provinces after the Spanish Sack of Antwerp. Fell apart in 1579 |
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| formed in 1581, comprised the top seven provinces of the Netherlands |
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| formed in 1581, comprised the bottom ten provinces of the Netherlands. Lead by Alexander Farnese, a Spanish general, against the north. |
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| Count Hoorn & Count Egmont |
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| Catholic Dutch noblemen arrested and executed by Alba’s Council of Blood. This shocked the Golden Fleece, a knight’s order of which Phillip II was the Grand Master |
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| William of Orange, the Silent |
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| a Calvinist Dutch nobleman, he wished for a compromise that never happened. He attempted to check radicals, hold provinces in the Pacification of Ghent, and reconcile Dutch independence with Phillip II as the leader. Assassinated in 1584. |
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| a powerful governor in the Netherlands, their power diminished when Phillip II decided to centralize. |
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| Dutch pirates with Letters of Marque issued by William of Orange. They were a problem because the killed innocents. |
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| English privateers with Letters of Marque. They made Phillip II mad at Elizabeth when they attack South America |
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| Spanish Sack of Antwerp (1576) |
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| Inherited HRE, Bohemia, & Hungary from Charles V. Battled Ottomans. |
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| Inherited Ferdinand I’s stuff. 1st ½ 30 Years War. |
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| Inherited from Ferdinand II. 2nd ½ 30 Years War. |
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| Leading Minister of Spanish Hapsburgs. Important Politician. |
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| Illegitimate son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V |
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| threat to Elizabeth’s throne, so Elizabeth sends George Lord Darnley to distract her. They get married, and are estranged, so she kills him and hides with Elizabeth for 17 years, but is executed in 1587 after endearing the Babbington conspiracy to kill Elizabeth. Her son, James I of England and VI of Scotland |
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| Privateer, plundered the Spanish and brought Elizabeth 25 mil in treasure. She knighted him and angered Phillip |
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| William Cecil, chief advisor to Elizabeth. |
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| William Cecil, chief advisor to Elizabeth |
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| Presbyterian Church (Kirk means Church). |
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| “spymaster” to Elizabeth I |
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| the Spanish send 107 ships at the English, and then fail |
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| The French Religious Wars (1562-1593) |
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| Charles IX is French king, Catherine de Medici controls him. Charles listens to Coligny, so she has him shot, and this angers the Huguenots. Charles is convinced that the Huguenots are planning a revolt, so he orders them killed. 8/24/1572 30K are killed. Then, when Henri of Navarre is named heir, Guise decides to fight him with the Holy League. Henri III has him killed, and then flees to Navarre, but is assassinated. |
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| Between Phillip II and Henri IV, ended the French religious wars and withdrew Spanish troops |
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| Henri of Navarre (1593-1610) |
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| Is to be married to Charles IX’s sister, but then the massacre happens, and he converts when forced. Henri III comes to the throne after Charles IX dies and names Navarre his heir. Killed in 1610. |
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| French king, has Coligny as advisor, sanctions the St. Bart’s Day Massacre & then dies |
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| former king of Poland, gives Huguenots rights with the Edict of Beaulieu and names Navarre as his heir, and eventually is assassinated by a disgruntled Jesuit monk. |
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| former king of Poland, gives Huguenots rights with the Edict of Beaulieu and names Navarre as his heir, and eventually is assassinated by a disgruntled Jesuit monk. |
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| Main adviser to Charles IX, Huguenot, Catherine has him killed. |
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| Leader of the Holy League, funded by Phillip II and the Pope, leads against Navarre |
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| The War of the 3 Henrys (1584-1589) |
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| Henry III, Henry of Navarre, and Henry of Guise are all in conflict for the French throne. |
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| Allows limited freedom of religion in France (first time with two religions in a country) and gives the Huguenots proper rights and 200 fortified towns. |
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| Son of Henry IV, has Cardinal Richelieu to make all of his political decisions. Married to Anne of Austria, but he is gay, so they take fifteen years to produced Louis XIV. He fought with his mom a lot |
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| Adviser to Louis XIII, essentially ran the country. Imposes peace on France and then works on encirclement. |
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| Phillip III’s daughter, married Louis XIII as part of the Treaty of Vervins |
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| Ruler of Spain during the war, failed to achieve reform |
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| rebels in French religious wars – the Calvinists |
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| Charles de Guise, head of Holy League |
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| Henry IV’s minister of finance. Was good. |
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| Also minister for Henry IV. |
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| confirmed Edict of Nantes, ended religious warring, and established toleration for Huguenots |
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| Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659) |
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| Ended conflict between France and Spain that started because of the 30 Years’ War |
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| Defenestration of Prague (1618) |
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| Central start to 30 years war. Threw 7 ambassadors out window (defenestration means throwing something out of a window, de- down from & fenestra- opening.) |
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| The Spanish Road to Flanders |
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| Spanish trading route through exclusively Catholic lands to get to Flanders |
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| politics matters more than religion |
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| Region of Italy that borders Switzerland. Control of its passes was particularly important in the 30 years war |
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| Protestant Union & Catholic League (1609) |
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| illegal organizations, initial shock to begin 30 year’s war |
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| 12 year cease-fire in the 80 years war |
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| appears to be the same as Ferdinand II |
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| Phases of 30 Years’ War (1618-1648) |
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1. Bohemian
2. Danish
3. Swedish
4. French |
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Political:
Desire for absolute Hapsburg monarchy
Dynastic
Hapsburgs vs. Wittelsbachs (Maximilian of Bavaria)
Hapsburg-Bourbon feud
Ferdinand of Styria is King of Bohemia, Hungary, then HRE |
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| Bohemian Phase (1618-1620) |
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Battle of White Mountain: Frederick of the Palatinate is defeated
Ferdinand hires Albert Wallenstein so that he doesn’t have to rely on Maximillian
Spain begins to interfere with money
Won by the HRE |
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| Danish Phase (1620[5]-1630) |
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Battle of Lutter-am Barenberg (1526) - Christian IV of Denmark, new Protestant hero, is defeated
Edict of Restitution (1629) – all land seized past 1552 goes back to the Church |
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| Swedish Phase (1630-1632[4]) |
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King of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus, is new Protestant hero
Siege of Magdeburg (1631) – only 5K left of 30, then it was sacked
Battle of Lutzen (1632) – Adolphus is killed
1633 HRE Ferdinand has Albert killed
Battle of Nordlingen (1634) – Spanish come in and help Hapsburg cousins (Catholic victory) |
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1635 – France enters directly
Battle of Rocroi (1643) – French victory, ends Spanish land domination
Battle of Downs – Ends Spanish naval domination
Properly ends in 1659 with Treaty of Pyrenees with Spain |
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| Frederick of the Palatinate |
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| the Palatinate threatens to be Protestant, which endangers the Spanish Road to Flanders |
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| Battle in 30 years war. Ended Bohemian Period. |
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| Edict of Restitution (1629) |
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| Belated attempt to restore peace of Augsburg. Too late. |
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| Battle of Lutter-am Barenberg(1626) |
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| Heavy defeat for Protestants. |
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| Founded Swedish Empire. Major Protestant leader |
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| Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) |
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| First major protestant victory. |
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| Protestant victory but killed Gustavus Adolphus, leaving movement without direction |
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| Battle of Nordlingen (1634) |
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| Next victory for Protestants |
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| Took over after Gustavus Adolphus died. Helped fund war. |
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| Queen Christina of Sweden |
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| Succeeded Gustavus Adolphus |
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| Commanded Imperial forces. |
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| The Sack of Magdeburg by the Imperial Army after it fell to the siege. |
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Ends the 30 Year’s War in 1648
Recognize the Peace of Augsburg
Relative freedom of religion
Forbids unrestricted Letters of Marque
Switzerland and the Netherlands recognized
Ends possibility of centralized monarchy for the Hapsburgs
France gets a lot of territory – Alsace-Lorraine, Burgundy, etc.
Sweden gets N. German land
Brandenburg and Ravenna increase territory
N. Germany is Protestant, S id Catholic
Sweden paid back for war costs by Hapsburgs
Hapsburg encirclement of France wanes
Last war begun over religious issues
HRE shattered, end of counter reformation, etc. |
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| Staatensystem/Westphalian Balance |
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