Term
| What was Martin Luther's basic religious belief? |
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Definition
| Faith is the key to salvation. |
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Term
| Unification is closely associated with what term? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was Michel de Montaigne? |
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Definition
| The best known skeptic of his time. |
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Term
| What was a result of the English Reformation? |
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Definition
| Establishment of the English monarch as head of the Church of England. |
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Term
| Who was the major political opponent of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V? |
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Definition
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Term
| what leader during the Protestant Reformation was considered to be "left-winged?" |
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Definition
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Term
| What was one material not imported to Europe from the Americas? |
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Definition
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Term
| Free market is closely associated with what term? |
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Definition
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Term
| People during the scientific revolution believed what about society? |
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Definition
| Underlying laws govern society. |
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Term
| What was the main focus of the Council of Trent? |
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Definition
| To reform the Roman Catholic Church. |
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Term
| The Dutch Republic rose to power because of what? |
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Definition
| Its shipping and commerce. |
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Term
| What is the main focus of mercantilism? |
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Definition
| Colonies should be acquired as markets and sources of raw materials. |
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Term
| The revolt against France's centralized authority was called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Poland declined because of what? |
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Definition
| The absence of a powerful central authority. |
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Term
| What did King Frederick William I of Prussia do? |
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Definition
| He built a first-rate army and infused Prussian society with military values. |
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Term
| Surgeon barbers were known to use what method in their work? |
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Definition
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Term
| What career allowed unmarried women the greatest opportunity to exercise literary, artistic, and administrative talents? |
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Definition
| Convents, assistants, secretaries, etc. |
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Term
| What was the main cause of protests in the Parisian lower classes? |
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Definition
| Increases in the cost of bread. |
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Term
| What was the main idea of the concept of European balance of power? |
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Definition
| To prevent the dominance of one power in Europe. |
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Term
| What did both Austria and Prussia do? |
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Definition
| They maintained permanent standing armies. |
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Term
| The reason France entered the Thirty Years' War was what? |
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Definition
| To reduce the power of the Hapsburgs. |
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Term
| The Peace of Utrecht altered the balance of power in Europe by doing what? |
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Definition
| Checking French expansion. |
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Term
| Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety owed much of their power to whom? |
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Definition
| A group of small property owners and wage laborers in Paris who were concerned about food prices. |
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Term
| An idea spread through Europe during the French Revolution and the reign of Napoleon was what? |
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Definition
| That careers should be open to talented individuals from all classes. |
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Term
| What was the Romantic movement a reaction to? |
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Definition
| The classicism of an earlier period. |
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Term
| Queen Elizabeth I of England was called a politique because she believed what? |
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Definition
| Theological controversy should be subordinate to political unity. |
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Term
| What was not an aspect of life in Western cities in the second half of the 1800s? |
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Definition
| Declining standards of public health and life expectancy. |
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Term
| Prince Klemens von Metternich used the German Confederation to do what? |
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Definition
| Oppose liberalism and nationalism in central Europe. |
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Term
| What was the Christian humanism of Erasmus? |
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Definition
| The application of renaissance scholarship to questions of ecclesiastical and moral reform. |
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Term
| What did Cardinal Richelieu do? |
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Definition
| He strengthened the intendant method of local government. |
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Term
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Definition
| Members of a secret revolutionary society. |
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Term
| Johannes Kepler improved on Copernicus' theories by doing what? |
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Definition
| Demonstrating that planets have elliptical orbits. |
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Term
| What was a huge social effect during the Industrial Revolution? |
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Definition
| New rhythms of work and leisure. |
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Term
| What officially marked the beginning of the French Revolution? |
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Definition
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Term
| Peter the Great made Russia a great power by doing what? |
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Definition
| Building a new capital where his nobles and merchants were obliged to live. |
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Term
| The reason why England went back to a monarchy because of Oliver Cromwell's what? |
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Definition
| Inability to establish broad popular support for his government. |
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Term
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Definition
| That history moves inevitably through a series of stages culminating in socialism. |
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Term
| Surrealism has a central theme of what? |
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Definition
| Exploration of dream images and the irrational. |
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Term
| What was the primary cause for the Hapsburg-Valois Feud? |
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Definition
| The conflicting political ambitions of the two families. |
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Term
| Why did the Bolshevik government sign the Treaty of Brest with Germany? |
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Definition
| Lenin did not want to risk his limited power through further struggle against a foreign enemy. |
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Term
| A major consequence of the Opium War in China was what? |
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Definition
| An increase in hostility to Europeans. |
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Term
| Louis XIV did what to better protect himself from outside influence? |
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Definition
| Moved the government from Paris to Versailles. |
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Term
| What was closely associated with what? |
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Definition
| The growth of the syndicalist movement. |
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Term
| The League of Nations was different from the United Nations in what way? |
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Definition
| It did not have as members several of the world's most important industrialized nations. |
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Term
| What tried to improve the German economy during the Interwar period that actually only devastated it further? |
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Definition
| Inflation and excessive printing of money. |
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Term
| Hungary, East Germany, Poland and Czechoslovakia were all members of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Existentialism is characterized by what? |
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Definition
| A buoyant optimism about human existence and perfectibility. |
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Term
| What did the Second Vatican Council do? |
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Definition
| Promoted the ecumenical movement. |
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Term
| How were Hungary and Czechoslovakia similar? |
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Definition
| Neither received assistance from the U.S. because they were withing the Soviet sphere of influence. |
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Term
| Alexander Solzhenitsyn was important because why? |
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Definition
| His works were critical of the Soviet system. |
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Term
| Most Western European countries began to provide what for their people? |
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Definition
| Medical and health insurance. |
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Term
| What factor was responsible for the Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War? |
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Definition
| Trotsky's disciplined and effective Red Army. |
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Term
| The Italian Renaissance was what? |
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Definition
| The recovery or rebirth of Greek and Roman culture. |
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Term
| The Medici family controlled finances where? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the military and commercial league set up on the north coast of Germany? |
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Definition
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Term
| Renaissance technological innovation included what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What energy source powered the Industrial Revolution? |
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Definition
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Term
| Markets grew to be characterized by what? |
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Definition
| Wealthier urban consumers who desired a growing number of consumer products. |
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Term
| What country failed to become industrialized? |
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Definition
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Term
| Germany replaced Britain as the head of the Industrial Revolution due to what? |
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Definition
| Development of new areas of manufacturing including chemicals and heavy electric machinery. |
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Term
| Social Darwinism is described as what? |
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Definition
| Racism, and applying the ideas of Darwin to society. |
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Term
| What is a huge difference between naturalism and realism in literature? |
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Definition
| Naturalism was more pessimistic. |
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Term
| Naturalistic literature can be found in the novels of whom? |
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Definition
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Term
| What form of entertainment became popular for large masses of people? |
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Definition
| Amusement parks and carnivals. |
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Term
| The "Father of Tourism" in England was who? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did the Home Rule Act do? |
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Definition
| It aggravated problems between northern and southern Ireland. |
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Term
| who created the Theory of Relativity? |
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Definition
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Term
| The leader of the women's suffrage movement in England was who? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who looked into the disintegrative processes within atoms? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Friedrich Nietzsche believe? |
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Definition
| Christianity had undermined the creative power of Western civilization. |
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Term
| What philosopher advocated violence as a means of achieving socialism? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A Bolshevik secret police unit used to murder and terrorize opponents. |
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Term
| Hitler had a firm belief in what? |
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Definition
| The idea that the Slavs were inferior people governed by Jews and were worthy of enslavement. |
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Term
| After the Munich Conference, Hitler soon did what? |
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Definition
| Take the rest of Czechoslovakia. |
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Term
| The British policy of appeasement aimed to do what? |
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Definition
| Maintain peace and stability in Europe. |
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Term
| WWII was made possible by what? |
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Definition
| Britain and France's failure to strongly oppose German violations of the Treaty of Versailles. |
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Term
| What did the Pan-German League advocate? |
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Definition
| The political and economic unification of Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. |
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Term
| Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War led directly to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the Second Battle of Marne? |
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Definition
| Germany's final effort to win the war. |
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Term
| Woodrow Wilson had his heart set on what? |
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Definition
| Deepening America's isolation from European affairs. |
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Term
| The Treaty of Versailles did what? |
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Definition
| Forced Germany to admit "war guilt" and pay reparations to France. |
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Term
| Hitler's plan for defeating Britain relied heavily upon what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Reasons for Japanese expansion included what? |
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Definition
| An expanding population and severe lack of natural resources. |
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Term
| After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. focused mainly on what? |
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Definition
| Defeating Germany first and then defeating Japan. |
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Term
| Eduard Bernstein stressed what? |
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Definition
| The need for disregarding the Communist Manifesto. |
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Term
| Immigration to major cities was driven by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Daughters were expected to do what until married? |
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Definition
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Term
| Most European educational systems were what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Anarchists attempted reforms through what? |
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Definition
| Assassinations and other acts of political terrorism. |
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Term
| Urban areas were pressed to do what? |
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Definition
| Clean up polluted lakes and rivers. |
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