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| changes in the traditional agricultural system during the 18th century that included enclosure, introduction of fodder crops, intensifies animal husbandry, and commercial market orientation; allowed Europe to escape traditional economy and support industrial revolution |
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| system of agricultural activity up to the 18th century in which fields were divided into strips of land that were owned and cultivated by a family; decisions were made by the community rather than individuals; limited the efficiency of farming |
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| an industry – primarily manufacturing – which includes many producers, working from their homes, typically part time. Some industries which are usually operated from large centralized factories were cottage industries before the Industrial Revolution. The business operators would travel around, buying raw materials, delivering it to people who would work on them, and then collecting the finished goods to sell, or typically to ship to another market. One of the factors which allowed the industrial revolution to take place in Western Europe was the presence of these business people who had the ability to expand the scale of their operations. Cottage industries were very common in the time when a large proportion of the population was engaged in agriculture, because the farmers (and their families) often had both the time and the desire to earn additional income during the part of the year (Winter) when there was little farming work to do. |
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| mobilization of the rural labor force for commercial production of large quantities of manufactured goods; raw materials put out to homes of workers where manufacture took place; another way of describing the late phase of cottage industry – gradually it came to dominate the lives of many rural families who would spin and weave as full time occupations and keep no more than a small garden, which made it difficult to survive on the wages received and contributed to the population boom (children can help work) |
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| 18th century closing off of common and public land within the open field system to foster private landholding; faced a great deal of popular resistance, and the impact of the loss of common rights (including not simply the right of cattle or sheep grazing, often restricted to landholders, but also the grazing of geese, foraging for pigs, gleaning, berrying, fuel gathering, etc.) on the household economies of smallholders and landless laborers was great |
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| cultivation of fodder crops that restore nutrients to soil and provide food for animals; four-crop rotation of wheat, turnips, barley, and clover that kept the land in productive use while letting the soil rest and producing fodder; increase of livestock through meadow floating, convertible husbandry (solely farming land or raising livestock depending on prices); regional specialization of crops |
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| sustained period of economic growth and change brought on by technological innovations in the process of manufacturing; began in Great Britain in the mid-18th century; INNOVATIONS: water and coal machinery, steam engine, smelting of iron with coke (a form of carbon), spinning jenny, hundreds of adjustments in technique and shared ingenuity |
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| process by which production becomes mechanized; innovations in manufacturing methods and agricultural techniques |
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| inventor of the condensing steam engine in 1775 with the practical help of Matthew Boulton and John Wilkinson |
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| inventor of the flying shuttle in the 1730s; shuttle allowed weavers to work alone rather than in pairs, but took a long time to catch on because it required more of the spun thread that was already in short supply |
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| inventor of the spinning jenny that replaced spinning wheels in making thread; thread was generally weaker, except with cotton, which could be produced in large quantities with the jenny |
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Richard Arkwright
(1732-1792) |
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Definition
| inventor of the water frame and founder of first textile mill in England; credited with beginning the trend toward factories |
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| American inventor of the cotton gin |
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| Mancestor-to-Liverpool line |
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| first modern railway opened in 1830; designed to move coal and bulk goods, but ended up transporting mainly people |
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| instigated by entrepeneur Robert Owen; prohibited factory work by children under nine, provided two hours of daily education - factory owners establish schools; and effectively created a 12-hour workday until the Ten Hours Act in 1847; factory workday for children between 9-13 to 8 hours a day. Not applicable to home.. Destroyed family unit. |
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| prohibited women and children from working underground |
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| Public Health Act of 1848 |
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Definition
| established boards of health and the office of medical examiner |
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| Crystal Plalace Exhibition |
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Definition
| international exhibition held in London in 1851 in a specially built see-through exhibition hall featuring the greatest tech. advances of the day; served as a spur for further industrialization |
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| unified trading zone created by Prussia in which member states adopted the liberal Prussian custons regulations; an attempt to overcome the fragmented nature of the German economy |
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Friedrich Engels
(1820-1895) |
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Definition
| author of "The Conditions of the Working Class in England", which stated that society’s problems are caused by capitalism and competition; Colleague of Karl Marx. |
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| meeting of European powers after the Napoleonic wars in 1815; established a balance of power to preserve the status quo in post-revolutionary Europe; key ambassadors included: Prince Klemens von Meternich (Austria), Viscount Castlereagh (Britain), Charles Maurice de Talleyrand (France), Russian tsar Alexander I, and king Frederick William III (Prussia) |
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| league of German states created in 1815 to replace the Holy Roman Empire; the 39 states, 35 of ehich weremonarchies, existed to ensure the independence of its member states and support in case of external attack; included Austria and Prussia |
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| pact signed in 1815 by the four powers who defeated Napoleon - Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia - for the purpose of protecting Europe against future French aggression; in 1818, after Franch had payed war indemnities, it too joined the pact to become the Quintuple Alliance |
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| Prussia, Austria, and Russia, under the leadership of tsar Alexander I, agreed to protect the peace and the Christian religion following the Congress of Vienna |
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| 19th century ideology that favored tradition and stability and only gradual, or "organic", growth and change |
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| British statesman and conservative who wrote "Reflections on the Revolution in France", which states that liberty must emerge out of the gradual developement of the old order, and not its destruction; favored constitutional monarchy rather than democracy |
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| a political philosophy based on freedom of the individual and the corruptibility of authority; associated with constitutional reform in the first half of the nineteenth century that built on Enlightenment rationalism and embreaced the right to vote, civil liberties, legal equality, parliamentary sovereignty, and a free-market economy |
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| liberal philosophy founded by Jeremy Bentham that argues social harmony through the greatest happiness of the greatest number |
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John Stewart Mill
(1806-1873) |
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Definition
| author of "On Liberty" who rejected utilitarianism because it ignored human emotions and advocated mass tyranny; espoused social reform for the poor and championed the equality of women and the necessity of birth control; greatest liberal thinker of the age |
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| an artistic and literary tradition based on emotions rather than the intellect; rejection of classical traditions in favor of "nature"; often associated with nationalism |
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| poetry collaboration of William Wordsworth and Smauel Taylor Coleridge the exemplified the iconoclastic romantic idea that poetry was the result of "the spontaneous overflow o powerful feelings" rather than a formal and highly discplined intellectual exercise |
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| French romantic author of Les Miserable and Notre-Dame de Paris who was greatly influenced by the political events of the French Revolution and its principles of liberty and equality |
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| b/w 1815 and 1850, the political doctrine that glorified the people united against the absolutism of kings and the tyranny of foreign oppressors; Basically: Pride in one's nation, group, or traditions; a desire for independence. |
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| British Conservative-extended vote to all middle class male workers, needed to broaden aristocratic voter base. |
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| French social theorist-criticized capitalism-wanted socialist utopia and emancipation of women; author of Theory of Four Movements |
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Definition
| 1834, Gave some aid to the poor, but not very helpful against unemployment. Very favorable to employers |
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Term
| First Reform Bill of 1832 |
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Definition
| Modified the old political system by easing voting qualifications (but still not easy to qualify!). Abolished some smaller boroughs |
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Term
| Second Reform Bill of 1867 |
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Definition
| Conservatives and Liberals trying to gain votes. Disraeli's Conservatives extended the vote to almost 1 million more voters |
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Definition
| Political party in Britain controlled by aristocracy |
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| Ideal society based on socialist ideals-Louis Blanc and Charles Fourier |
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| British party more responsive to commercial and manufacturing interests. |
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Term
| Alexander II - (r.1855-81) |
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Definition
| Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated |
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Definition
| Refers to the compromise of 1867 which created the dual monarchy of Austria and Hungary |
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| Refers to Prussian tactics brought about by Otto von Bismarck; his unification of Germany was through a policy of "blood and iron". |
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| The federal council of Austrian government |
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| Endorsed the economic doctrines of the middle class. Worked for a secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria. Worked to unite Italy |
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| short tract written by marx and Engels that described the dire situation of the European working classes throughout the 1840s; the growing poberty and alienation of the propertyless workers, the authors promised, would bring to industrialized Europe a class war against the capitalists, the owners of the means of production. Exploited workers were to prepare themselves for the moment of revolution by joining with each other across national boundaries: "Workers of the world unite. You have nothing to lose but your chains." |
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| the debate over the state's role and responsibility in caring for its citizens; resulted in many labor and economic reforms in the 19th century |
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| compilations of investigations into the abusive treatment of men, women, and children in factories commissioned by the British parliament to assess the necessity of reform |
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| refers to the slaughter by calvary of a crowd of 80,000 ppl gathered outside Manchester, England to hear speeches for parliamentary reform and universal male suffrage; name is a bitter reference to the Waterloo victory that occured 4 years earlier |
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| uprisings throughout Europe sparked by poor harvests, social protest, desire for political participation and representation, and governmental failure to respond to local grievances |
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Term
| Francioz Guizot (1787-1874) |
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Definition
| French prime minister and chief spokesman for the July Monarchy who upheld the unjust political system in which the parliaments received no salary, making the representatives only the leisurely wealthy |
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Term
| "rotten" or "pocket" burroughs |
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Definition
| areas that recieve representation greater than that justified by their population and are indicative of the corrupt and antiquated electoral system |
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| Great Reform Bill of 1832 |
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Definition
| an extension of the right to vote in England to men of the middle class that resulted in a fifty percent increase in those eligible to vote |
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| document drawn up by a small group of labor leaders, including representatives of the London Working Men's Association; petitioned for universal male suffrage, secret ballot salaries for parliament service, elimination of the requirement that a person must own property in order to run for office, equal electoral districts, and annual elections that would ensure maximim accoutability of officials to their constituents |
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Definition
| an English working-class reform movement that flourished in the 1830s and 1840s and that demanded universal male suffrage, payment for parliamentary service, equal electoral districts, and secret ballots |
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Definition
| the industrial working class; workers afloat in the labor pool who owned nothing, not even the tools of their labor, and who were becoming appendages to the new manchines that dominated production |
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| movement of workers demanding fair wages who smashed cotton power looms, knitting machines, and wool-carding machines or threatened to as a bargaining point for better conditions; tyrannized Britain and other European nations from 1811-1816; named after its mythical leader, Ned Ludd |
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| term for kind of subcontracting that gave home piecework to needy women responsible for taking care of family members and characterized by exertion, long hours, and poor wages |
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| French Revolution of 1884 |
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| sparked by cancellation of large banquet in support of vote extension; a citizen militia of bourgeois Parisians, the National Guard, that defected from king Louis-Phileppe and was joined by many army members; the Second Republic was proclaimed and the Provisional Government, led by poet Alphonse de Lamartine; included members of both factions of the Jusly Monarch held together by threats of popular violence |
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| General Louis Cavaignac (1802-1857) |
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Definition
| general recalled from service in Algeriat maintain order in the Second Republic; used provicial troops and guerrilla techniques to put down a worker rebellion; became military dictator from June to December until presidential elections were scheduled |
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| Kaiser Friedrich Wilhelm IV (1840-1861) |
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Definition
| Prussian ruler who used military force to responded to popular demonstrations, but eventually had to promise a national Prussian assembly and was held as a prisoner of revolution in 1848 |
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Definition
| convened in Germany following revolution in May 1884 to frame a constitutiona dn unify Germany; composed mostly of members of the middle class,predominantly: civil servants, lawuers, and intellectuals |
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| Lajos Kossuth (1802-1894) |
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Definition
| Hungarian patriot who worked toward establishing a separate Hunagarian state |
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| underground nationalist movemen founded in 1831 by Giuseppe Mazzini, a tireless and idealistic patriat who favored a democratic revolution and became head of the Republic of Rome in Feb. 1849 after fueling a rebellion against Pope Pius IX |
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| disciple of Mazzini who returned from exile in South America to undertake the defense of Rome after the establishment of the Republic of Rome; created group of poorly armed guerrilla sodiers known as the Red Shirts who waged a valian effort to defend the city from April to June 1849, but eventually lost to the highly trained French army, who restored the Pope as ruler of the Papal States |
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| the anticipated disintegration of the Ottoman Empire that threatened to lead to an international war between the Great Powers: Russia, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and France |
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| treaty following war between Turkey and Russia and their allies; Russia relinquished its claim as protector of Christians in Turkey, British gained the neutralization of the Black Sea, mouth of the Danube was returned to Turkish control, and an international commission created to oversee safe navigation on the Danube, Danubian Principalities were placed under joint guarantee of the powers and Russia gave up a small portion of Bessarabia; in 1861 the Principalities were united in the independent nation of Romania |
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| literally, "resurgence"; the nineteenth century movement to unite italy |
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| famous nurse who organized hospital care in Constantinople during the Crimean War; controversial at the time because she valued her work over family and home; first woman to receive the Order of Merit in England |
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Definition
| Endorsed the economic doctrines of the middle class. Worked for a secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria. Worked to unite Italy |
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| first ruler of united Italy |
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| (1815-1898) Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany under his rule; practioner of Realpolitik |
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| pragmatic political theory advanced by Otto von Bismark; ruthless pursuit by any means, including illegal and violent ones, in the interests of the state |
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| aristocratic estate owner in Germany |
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| 1819, it discouraged liberal teachings in southern Germany. Censorship imposed by Metternich |
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| A message from William I of Prussia to Napoleon III which brought France into the Franco Prussian war |
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Definition
| 1870-71, war between France and Prussia; seen as German victory; seen as a struggle of Darwinism; led to Prussia being the most powerful European nation. Instigated by Bismarck; France seen as the aggressor |
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| In 1867 the Hungarian nobility restored the constitution of 1848 and used it to dominate both the Magyar peasantry & the minority population. |
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| Original Napoleon’s nephew; consolidated conservative government and the ideals of nationalism |
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| A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877 |
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| Persecution of minorities, especially the Jews in Russia |
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| national legislative body of the German Empire; elected by universal male suffrage |
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| 1864. Pope Pius IX denounced rationalism, socialism, and separation of church and state |
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Definition
| The end of the Franco-Prussian War. Alsace and Lorraine given to Germany |
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| local elected assemblies in Russia during the reign of Alexander II; representatives elected by landowners, townspeople, and peasants |
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Definition
| Idea created by J.G. Herder to identify the national character of Germany, but soon passed to other countries |
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Definition
| reforms initiated by Alexander II in Russia: emancipation of the surfs, creating local parliamentary bodies (zemstvos), reorganizing the judiciary, and modernizing the army |
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Definition
| terrorist organization in Russia that attempted to assassinate Alexander II many times, an finally succeeded via a bomb in St. Petersburg in 1881 |
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Definition
| an artistic and literary style that criticized industrialized society and rejected bourgeois concepts of morality |
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| realist novelist of Great Britain who wrote Hard Times, Great Expectations, and Oliver Twist among other novels published serially that portrayed the harshness and poverty produced by industrial society |
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| great French realist novelist who critiqued the Western intellectual tradition, modern applications of Enlightenment ideas, and the hypocrisy of bourgeois life in novels like Dictionary of Accepted Ideas, Bouvard et Pecuchet, and Madame Bovary |
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| pseudonym for Mary Ann Evans, a Realist novelist concerned with moral choices and responsiblities who wrote the influential novel Middlemarch |
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| Russian realist author of Crime and Punishment, which was one of the most famous and influential of the genre |
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| first evolutionary scientist who wrote On the Origin of Species, which detailed the theory of natural selection |
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Definition
| theory advanced by Charles Darwin that accounts for the evolution of species as "suvival of the fittest"; a realist scientific approach |
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| created in 1871 in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War; crushed by the national army after a brief struggle; symbol of revolution for radical politicians, including Marxists |
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| Conference provoked Germany backfired on Germany over the issues of the Morocco crisis |
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| One who dominates the political, social, and economic life of another |
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Definition
| exploited by Leopold II at Belgium under the Berlin Act, Leopold was supposed to act as a trustee. He violated the agreement and stripped the country of its resources |
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| English vs. Dutch settlers in South Africa. England won 1899-02, showed that English tactics were no good. |
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| Dutch trading company worried about colonizing the world. |
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| Assembly of representatives of Germany, Russia, Hungary, Britain, France, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire |
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| Conflict in Africa between France and Britain. |
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| Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism |
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Definition
| Relationship between 2 states in which the stronger state guarantees to protect the weaker state from external aggression in return for full or partial control of its domestic and foreign affairs |
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Definition
| In international politics, the claim by a state to exclusive or predominant control over a foreign area or territory |
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| 1899, Rudyard Kipling's poem, "The White Man's Burden," a summons to act; proponent of imperialism and social darwinism |
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| Joseph Conrad, 1902. The story reflects the physical and psychological shock Conrad himself experienced in 1890, when he worked briefly in the Belgian Congo |
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Definition
| Politics of geography; based on recognition that certain areas of the world are valuable for political reasons |
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Definition
| alliance of the three most conservative powers of the Big Five, which also included France and Great Britain, the three were Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia |
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Definition
| alliance founded in 1882 b/w Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at Germany's instigation for the purpose of securing mutual support on the European continent |
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Definition
| Alliance founded in 1907 between France, Britain, and Russia. With the defection of Russia from the Three Emperors' League, it hemmed in Germany on both eastern and western borders |
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Definition
| Imperialism practiced by European coutries after 1870 that was, in essence, the domination by industrial powers over the non-industrial world. Distinguished from the earlier acquisition of territory, new imperialism took a variety of forms including: territorial occupations, colonization, exploitation of labor and raw materials, and development of economic spheres of influence |
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Definition
| an important nineteenth-century medical advance derived from cinchona that was an effective treatment for malaria; it permitted large numbers of Europeans to travel without risking death and disease |
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Definition
| use of puplic opinion to stir support for one's own nation and hatred for another nation; used extensively by political leaders to justify imperial expansion |
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| hatred of foreigners usually instigated by fear of them |
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| the colonization of Africa as part of the new imperialism. This domination of Africa by Germany, Briatin, and France ended with the crisis at Fashoda |
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| Diplomatic term used to commote territorial influence or control of weaker nations not necessarily occupied by the more powerful ones. Ther term was first used to explain on ekind of control of western European powers in the 1800s during African imperialism, and was later used to describe European and Japanese territorial control and influence over markets in China at the end of the nieteenth century that sparked the Opium Wars between Britain and China |
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Definition
| exempted all foreigners in China from Chinese legal jusrisdiction; practice within foreign "spheres of influence" in China |
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| peasants in China who rose up against the foreign and Christian exploitation in north China; caused the institution of the Open-Door policy by the United States |
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