The early industrial revolution: why in England?

demand for goods

London = large city with fashion

advertising: newspapers; social ascent easy

largest free trade area

many minerals

flat rate taxes

Matthew Boulton

 they then consulted

John Wilkinson

town growth

Inhabitants grew in Britain, France, and Germany major urban expansion

medieval cities declined.

traditional landlocked/medieval

contributed less to the new political regimes and production was transferred to the countryside

industry that pioneered indus Rev

textile

met growing consumer demand

the spinning jenny's significance

spinning thread to keep up with weavers' demands

eliminated bottleneck created by the flying shuttle

inventor of spinning jenny

produced PURELY cotton fabric

cotton output increased by 8x when he lost patent

women in workforce - role diminished

commercialization and mechanization brought new jobs to be operated by men

cottage industries

prostitution

anarchist - major spokesperson for terror

foreshadowed lenin

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

anarchist - peaceful

mutualism (cooperating enterprises) --> eliminates need for gov. as protector

group of people whos ideas were:

- utopian - visionary and idealistic

- socialist - questioned structures and values of existing capitalist framework

discussion of radical ideas in regard to sexuality and the family

 earliest of the socialist pioneers

believed modern society would require rational management

central administration

management, NOT redistribution, of wealth

sexuality outside marriage

never succeeded in attracting as much attention as Owen

social discipline ignored all the pleasures that human beings naturally seek

hedonist

agrarianism

phalanxes

Louis Blanc (work, beliefs)

The Organization of Labor

-- demanded end to competition

-- believed state could be employer of labor

self-made cotton manufacturer

most sig. socialist

believe in influence of environment (locke)

experimented ideas

location where Robert Owen put ideas into action

good quarters

education

church

recreational activities

rewards for good work

Hegelian philosophy

engel's "the condition of the working class"

most influential political document of modern European history

German Hegelianism

French socialism

British classical economics

thought develops from the clash of thesis and antithesis into a new synthesis became Marx's basis in social group conditions

French socialist influence in Marxist thought

provided Marx with a portrayal of the problems of capitalist society

British classical economics' influence in Marxist thought

produced analytical tools for an empirical, scientific examination of society

how Marxism appealed to people more than other ideologies

claims to scientific accuracy and inevitability rejection of reform

call for revolution

conflict between dominant and subordinate social groups generated conditions that led to the emergence of a new dominant social group, which generated new discontent, conflict, and developmen

• Underestimates the power of other loyalties (nationalism and religion) – he says that a person's identity is based on class affiliation

• What determines revolution – Marx thought revolution could only happen when society attained advanced stage of industrial capitalism but revolutions happened mainly in agrarian countries

• Effects of market capitalism were very different from those Marx envisioned – instead of capitalism impoverishing large numbers of people for a huge proletariat, the opposite happened; many people became wealthier

• Marx manipulated historical evidence to construct his schema

• optimistic view of the proletariat –he trusted that dictatorship of proletariat would lead to a classless society

• classless society is too Utopian – does not take into account that one group always tries to dominate another

• Marx didn't forsee the extension of the franchise to the working people - many of the problems Marx criticized in developing industrial society were fixed by legislative solutions

Germany: Zollvereins (free trading unions)

 Britain: utilitarianism was used; Anti-Corn Law league to abolish the taxes on grain

France: gov. tells people 

“Go forth and enrich themselves”

nationalism opposed principle at the Congress of Vienna that legitimate monarchies provided the basis for political unity and not ethnicity

Giuseppe Mazzini

 most important nationalist leader in Europe

“Nationality is the role assigned by God to a people in the work of humanity. It is its mission, its task on earth, to the end that God's thought may be realized in the world.”

Garibaldi

Mazzini's fellow republican who led insurrections with him

beginings of guerrilla warfare

Count Camillo Cavour

 prime minister of Piedmont who led the drive for unification

war and deceit to achieve ends

constitutional monarchy

Cavour = constitutional monarchy

Garibaldi & Mazzini = republic

Cavour = pragmatic nationalist (uniting for econ./political reasons)

G & M = romantic nationalists (unite by culture)

1. Cavour allied w/ France to get Austria out of n. Italy

2. Italy gains venetia when Austria defeated by Prussia

3. Italy gains area around Rome when Germany defeats France

Austria gives up Lombardy (but not Venetia)

Italian states north of Rome unite with Piedmont & Lombardy

red shirts to liberate south italy from bourbon kings

all italy unified except venetia and area around rome

France had been protecting pope

Italy gains area around Rome

defeat liberals in Prussian Parliament

1. Danish War

2. Austro-Prussian War

3. Franco-Prussian War

Prussia and Austria ally to take Schleswig-Holstein from Denmark

Austria-Prussian War

Bismarck tells his troops to provoke war in Austria, which shows the Austrians that they are not a part of German affairs and that Prussia is stronger. states in Northern Germany join with Prussia to create the North German Confederation

Bismarck provokes France into war by editing an EMS telegraph to look as if the kaiser had insulted France. Easily, the Germans defeated France, Louis-Napoleon went into exile, North&South Germany united, and Germany got Alsace-Lorraine from France. This war shifted the European balance of power.

conservative

blow to European liberalism

difficult to determine which ethnic groups could be considered nations

nationalism required a group large enough to support a viable economy

severe food shortages (worst = famine in Ireland)depression in commercial and industrial economy

 unemployment

political liberals who pushed for more representative government, civil liberty, and unregulated economic life

Prussia, Habsburg Empire (Austria), France, Italy

brutally repressed by government

inability to cooperate b/c middle class wanted political reform while workers wanted social reform

no more revolutions

Serfdom ended in Habsburg

government had begun to extend franchise to all men and pass welfare legislation

middle class was frightened

 Lower orders had less reason to revolt

industrialization made it possible for Europeans to impose will on other peoples

NOT economics

2nd half of 19th century

1850-1900

one of the greatest of all the European empire builders who founded Rhodesia

Confession of Faith

Cecil Rhodes

asserts Britain's right to conquer land in the world & importance of British participation

 firsthand experiences with British imperialism shocked him deeply, and he identified with underprivileged and outcasts of society

Shooting an Elephant

first country to experience the Industrial Revolution --> great commercial advantages

satyagraha

ahimsa

noninjury to living being

short term cause of ww1

assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand -- terrorist protest against Austrian government

long term causes ww2

German unification

Pan-Slavic nationalism

Kaiser Wilhelm II's actions and policies

Naval arms race

changed the balance of power

nations were left to make alliances among themselves for security

preparations for a potential war made the war more likely

Pan-Slavic nationalism's role in WW1

sponsored assassination as a form of terrorist protest

Kaiser Wilhelm II's actions and policies's role in WW1

did not care for keeping peace

only concerned with making German a world power, to give it a "place amongst the stars"

--> 

alienated other countries by failing to renew alliances

instigated Britain to compete with Germany to build up the best navy; this escalates to international tensions in which Britain is forced to ally with France and Russia

Alfred von Tirpitz

 architect of the new navy

proclaimed that Germany's naval policy was aimed at Britain

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

joined by Turkey and Bulgaria

• Triple Entente = Russia, France, Britain

• joined by US

•  

  • 1. Russia (conservative) allies with France (republic)

  • 2. France allies with Britain (Entente Cordiale)

  • 3. Britain allies with Russia; closes triangle

naval race

1st moroccan crisis - speech in favor of moroccan independence

--> Britain and France only drawn closer to each other

Germany's "blank check" to Austria

Germany guarantees support but encourages Austrians to act quickly while they have support/sympathy concerning the assassination

why European powers get involved

Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Austria is allies with Germany. Russia is allied with the Serbs. Therefore, Russia and Germany are also at war. But, France and Britain are allied with Russia, so they also are at war. Plus, Italy is allied with Austria-Hungary & Germany. Everyone is at war.

Moltke left to execute it

made left wing too strong by taking from Russian front

French caught on

Russia mobilized more quickly than expected

British offensive

goal = overrun Turks in Dardanelles to seize Constantinople

supported by Churchill

“Ils ne passeant pas”

"they shall not pass"

German attempt to seize French city though they don't want it

Germany strategy of attrition

reaction to Verdun

British attack on German lines to help relieve pressure on Verdun

 “worst day in history of the British army” (1st)

from North Sea to Switzerland.

why it was difficult for armies to break though

Dulce et Decorum Est

feels anger and bitterness toward the war, seeing the reality of it

the old adage “Dulce et Decorum est Pro patria mori” as being a lie

The Soldier

- patriotic view

openly accepting war with a nationalistic attitude of pride for dying for ones own country

describes England w/ admiration

Glory of Women

addresses the ignorance of people at home, particularly women

under the impression that war is glorious

When Britain won, stocks rose; when German won, they dropped.

concept that the whole country including its resources and peoples are at the government’s disposal.

jobs available because of the tremendous demand for workers

 forming 43% of the labor force in Russia

equal pay

right to vote

class distinctions blurred

1.  Tsar’s abdication & establishment of constitutional government

--> easier for US to enter as Russia's ally

2. Russia's leaving helped Germany - don't have to worry because it could then focus on western front

tsar nicholas II - incompetent and weak; rasputin's influence

failures -->  massive casualties, widespread hunger, strikes by workers, and disorganization

authoritarian regime

cheka - secret police

war communism

Petrograd

hungerstrikes

soldiers joined revolutionary crowd

--> provisional government of constitutional democrats

chosen by members of imperial duma

composed of liberals and moderate socialists who promised 

Constituent Assembly representative of Russian people (civil liberties)

remained loyal to the existing Russian alliances and continued war against Germany

moderate socialists leader of the Provisional government

refused to redistribute land

wanted the continuation of the war

competition to Provisional Government

regarded the war as a struggle between capitalists at the expense of the working classes and wanted Russia to cease involvement

Mensheviks → democraticparty with large mass membership

Bolsheviks --> party to consist of elite professional

1. leaders of revolution - Marx said proletariat, Lenin said small elite of professional

2. level of industrialization - Marx said highly industrialized, Lenin said circumstances regardless of industrialization

3. attitude toward peasants - Marx said revolutionary class strictly proletariat (peasants too attached to religion & land), Lenin said Dual Revolution = both (majority)

Lenin contends that 

revolution must be led by small elite of professional revolutionaries

urged Petrograd soviets to stop supporting the Provisional government, which made it difficult for the PG to surviv

• “Peace, land, bread”

• “All power to the Soviets”

• “All land to peasants”

• “All factories to the workers”

collaborated w/ Lenin

power struggle w/ Stalin after Lenin's death

General Kornilov threatens coup against P.G.

to defend itself, P.G. distributes weapons to Bolsheviks

after coup fails, Bolsheviks are armed & ready to overthrow

Bolsheviks attack WinterPalace and take power

how Bolsheviks maintained power

secret police

cheka

press censorship

banning of other political parties

dissolution of Constituent Assembly

Bolsheviks controlled center

Whites disunited, different interests

cheka

Allies support of whites ineffective

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Russia surrendered ¼ of eastern territory to Germans to withdraw from war

1. sinking of Lusitania

2. Zimmerman telegram

3. Russian revolution

British navy had blockaded Germany to cause food shortages. Germany reacted w/ Unrestricted Submarine Welfare. Without warning, the Germans sunk Lusitania and Wilson threatens war so Germany stops USW. Germany calculates incorrectly that they can starve Britain and France into surrendering before the US can raise a big army.

Zimmerman telegram role in American entry

Germans incite Mexico to declare war against U.S.

telegraph made public

urns U.S. public opinion in favor of war with Germany.

Tsars’ abdication, establishment of constitutional govt. (temporarily) – this makes it much easier for U.S. to enter war as Russia’s ally

1. US - Wilson

2. Britain - Lloyd George

3. France - Clemenceau

4. Italy - Orlando

erect a general association in which all the nations collaborated --> League of Nations

Lloyd George

established the Ministry of Munitions

Ministry of Munitions

organized private industry to produce for the war

ruthless and effective wartime leader

“peace without victors”

wanted Italy's “natural borders” to be recognized

Germany - lost war

Russia - communist

US - rejected in Congress

Belgium, Alsace-Lorraine, and Russian territory

Congress more lenient & allowed defeated to negociate

Vienna more conservative

What happened in Germany at the end of the war?

kaiser overthrown

republic established

Ludendorff and Hindenburg ruled

1.  

   1. Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Turkey, and Soviet Union.

absburg Empire, Ottoman Empire, Tsar Monarchy

Rapid industrialization – return to policies of war communism (no New Economic Policy)

World revolution - communism would only succeed if international 

NEP – retain NEP for now and a more moderate rate of industrialization

Socialism in one country – focus first on communism succeeding in Russia

the more prosperous farmers who owned larger estates and represented a “capitalist” threat to the Soviets

series of trials

by Stalin’s crazy paranoia

executed or sent to the work camps

mass cleansing to rid any opposition

result of the impotence of his rivals

his own effective use of his office

his power over the masses

sheer ruthlessness

black shirts

monarchy allowed it

king emmanuel then asked Mussolini to become prime minister.

eliminated all other political parties

made peace with Rome and allied with the Catholic Church

used very effective propaganda

Giacomo Matteotti (signif.)

leading noncommunist soialist leader and member of Parliament who criticized Mussolini

opposition deputies withdraw from the Chamber of Deputies when he is murdered

class warfare

war

religion

economy

racism

gender

euthenasia

civil liberties

no social change

stab in back theory

borrowing money to finance the war and then a deficit in the postwar raised prices

massive inflation

unemployment

gov. spends treasury to cover

savings, pensions, insurance wiped out

debts/ mortgage easily paid off

Karl Lueger's Christian Social Party

France and Germany both accepted the western frontier established at Paris as legitimate. Britain and Italy agreed to intervene against whoever violated the frontier or if Germany sent troops into the Rhineland.

no agreement on eastern frontier

leading Euro states, Japan, US renounce "war as instrument of national policy"

--> leads to appeasement

abandoned passive resistance in Ruhr

Rentenmark

agree to Dawes Plan

Locarno Agreement

Young Plan

Effects of American involvement in German economy

Stock Market Crash - US stops sending money

25% unemployment

polarization of politics

Nazi percent of votes in 1932

Storm Troopers = brown shirts

Nazi party's army

led by Ernst Roehm

Reichstag Fire

communist set fire in Berlin 

Hitler's pretext to assuming Article 48

Reichstag suspends Weimar constitution indefinitely

Nazi’s achieve this by intimidation of Reichstag deputies

• Hitler personally ordered murder of key SA officers to protect his position and shore up support with the regular army

Leni Riefenstahl's film's name

boycotts of Jewish stores; Jews forced out of jobs; book burnings

Jews and non-Jews cannot marry/have sex; Jews become subjects, lost German citizenship and political/civil rights

"night of shattered glass"

Germans destroy Jewish stores and synagogues after a German diplomat is killed

acrificed all political and civil liberty, destroyed free trade-union movement, prevented private exercise of capital, and ignored consumer satisfaction

four year plan

ban strikes/unions

header of air force

accord reached by Mussolini and Hitler to maintain status quo

 violated through Anglo-German navy agreement

Pablo Picasso's Guernica

Germans destroyed 70% of town simply to show terror

Kurt von Schuschnigg

Austrian chancellor whom Hitler is unable to intimidate

announces plebeiceite for Austrian people to decide

--> Hitler sends troops

Italy, France, Britain

allows Hitler to occupy Sudentenland

Nazi-Soviet Pact

1.  

   1. Russia was annoyed by the treatment that the Western Powers were giving them compared to Germany.

   2. Division of poland amongst the 2

   3. Russia --> Baltic

   4. Germany --> Bessabaria