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Definition
| Male slaves who taught a young boy |
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| Study of oratory or public speaking |
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| Epic poem written by Homer; 10th year of the Trojan War |
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Definition
| Epic poem written by Homer; End of war and Odysseus' long journey home |
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Definition
| Poeist who wrote the Illiad and The Odyssey |
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| King of the gods on Mt. Olympus |
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| Daughter of Zeus; Goddess of wisdom, womanly virtue, and technical skill |
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Definition
| Archon who developed the first written law code (621 |
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| Archon who enacted reforms in the poor peoples favor; (canceled their debts, outlawed enslavement for debt, and freed those who were enslaved for debt) |
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| Tyrant who enacted reforms to help the poor (improved the economy and exiled nobles who disagreed with him |
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| Converted Athens to a direct democracy |
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| Persian ruler that caused Greeks to rebel, causing the Persian War by tightening Persia's rule |
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| Darius's son and successor |
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| Athenian leader; persuaded his people to leave Athens while they still could |
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Definition
| - General, orator, and statesman who the leader of Athens; dominated Athenian affairs (461-429 BC); Democracy reaches its peak in Athens under him |
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| King of Sparta during Persian War |
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| Culture founded on Greek ideas and features from other cultures of the Mediterranean region |
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| "Lover of wisdom"; One who studies philosophy |
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Definition
| History of literature and language |
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| Book written by Plato that described the ideal society- an aristocracy |
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Definition
| Plays containing action or dialogue and usually involving conflict and emotions |
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| Form of Greek drama that shows the major character struggling against fate |
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| Excessive pride in oneself or one's accomplishments, seen in heroes in Greek drama |
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| Early Greeks plays that mocked ideas and people |
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| Group of soldiers trained and equipped to fight on foot |
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| Military formation composed rows of soldiers standing shoulder-to-shoulder and equipped with long spears |
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| Book written by Euclid that explained the logical theorems of geometry |
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| Greek sculptor who made: The Discus Thrower |
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| Greek sculptor who made: The Statue of Athena (Parthenon) and Zues (Temple of Olympus) |
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| Greek sculptor who emphasized the beauty of the human body through his sculptures |
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| (470-399 BC)- Philosopher who wondered about human beings and society |
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| Socrates most famous student |
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| Plato's best known student at Academy |
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| written by Aristotle a Book of his that claimed that balanced behavior brought man happiness |
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Definition
| written by aristotle - Book of his that distinguished good drama from bad ones |
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Definition
| Mathematician who developed the Pythagorean Theorem |
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Definition
| Cosmologist who thought the universe was made up of tiny particles called atoms |
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Definition
| "Father of Medicine"; developed the Hippocratic Oath (holds doctors to moral behavior) |
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Definition
| Historian famous for writing his History of the Peloponnesian Wars |
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Definition
| Greek drama writer who dramatized relationships between gods and people |
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Term
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Definition
| Historian famous for writing his History of the Peloponnesian Wars |
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Term
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Definition
| Greek drama writer who dramatized relationships between gods and people |
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Definition
| Greek drama writer who wrote the famous play Oedipus Rex |
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Definition
| Greek drama writer who portrayed the pain and misery of war through plays (Trojan War) |
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Definition
| Athens' greatest writer of comedy; Clouds made fun of Socrates |
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Definition
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Definition
| of the finest orators in all Athenian history. Led the opposition to Philip II |
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Definition
| Philosopher who founded the school Cynics |
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Definition
| Philosopher who founded the school Skeptics |
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Definition
| Philosopher who founded the school Stoics |
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Definition
| Philosopher who founded the school Epicurians |
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Definition
| Mathematician who developed the logical theorems of geometry in Elements |
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Term
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Definition
| Believed earth and planets moved around the sun |
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Term
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Definition
| Calculated solar and lunar eclipses and length of the year almost exactly |
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Term
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Definition
| Calculated circumference of the earth almost exactly |
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Definition
| Form of government in which voters elect officials to run the state |
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Definition
| Official elected by Rome's popular assemblies |
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Definition
| Chief executives in early Rome who ran government and served as army commanders |
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Definition
| To refuse to approve a measure |
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Definition
| System that prevents any one part of a government from becoming too strong |
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Definition
| Military commanders and oversees of the legal system of ancient Rome |
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Term
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Definition
| Roman magistrates who registered citizens according to their wealth, appointed candidates to the Senate, and oversaw the moral conduct if all citizens |
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Term
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Definition
| Powerful aristocratic class that controlled Roman government and society |
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Definition
| Citizens of Rome not in an aristocratic class |
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Definition
| Written law code given to Plebeians (450 BC) |
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Term
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Definition
| -Most important military unit of the Roman army, consisting of 4,500-6,000 soldiers |
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Term
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Definition
| Father of a Roman family who had absolute authority |
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Definition
| Compensation paid to a nation for damages inflicted on it, as in war |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Class of Roman business and land-owning people who had wealth and political power |
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Term
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Definition
| Period of Roman peace from the beginning of Augustine's reign (27 BC) until the death of Marcus Aurelius (180 AD) |
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Term
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Definition
| Poem written by Virgil that attributes the foundation of Rome to Aeneas from Troy |
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Term
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Definition
| Bridge like structures that carried water |
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Term
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Definition
| Roman tenant farmers who replaced slaves on large Roman estates |
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Term
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Definition
| Bishops of the five administrators centers for the church in the Roman Empire |
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Term
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Definition
| Rise in prices caused by a decrease in the value of the medium of exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| Workers' trade associations in ancient Rome |
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Term
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Definition
| Absence of any government |
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Term
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Definition
| Julius Caesar, nephew of Marius, builds tremendous popularity among the poor; Caesar allies with Gaius Pompey (army) and Lucius Crassus ($) to become consul (59 BC) |
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Term
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Definition
| Romans conquering all of Italy south of this river |
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Term
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Definition
| Caesar's heir, Octavian, allies with Marc Antony and Lepidus (43 BC) |
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Term
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Definition
| The son of a priestess and Mars. Founder of the city of Rome; Killed his brother, Remus for "mocking" his city |
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Term
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Definition
| Slave who led a revolt of 70,000 slaves (73 BC) |
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Term
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Definition
| Military hero who attempted reforms; Converted the army into a volunteer basis instead of land owning draftees |
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Term
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Definition
| Military hero who attempted reforms; Converted the army into a volunteer basis instead of land owning draftees |
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Term
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Definition
| General who joined Caesar to form the First Triumvirate; Grew jealous of Caesar and tried to take charge over him but failed; Flees to Greece where Caesar later defeats him |
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Term
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Definition
| Daughter of a ruling Ptolemy family; Joins by Marc Antony but commits suicide soon later when Octavian captures Alexandria |
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Term
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Definition
| General and ally of Caesar who joined Octavian and Lepidus to form the Second Triumvirate; Led an army east and conquered Asia Minor; Joins Cleopatra in Egypt and commits suicide soon later when Octavian captures Alexandria |
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Term
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Definition
| 54-68) Cruel and unpredictable policies initiated by him |
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Term
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Definition
| (117-138) "Romanizes" provinces, fortifies Roman frontiers (Hadrian's wall), pulls back from Trajan's Asian conquest |
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Term
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Definition
| (161-180) Stoic philosopher; defends against invaders from north/east |
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Definition
| (100) Rome's best known medical doctor |
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Term
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Definition
| Astronomer that contended that earth was the center of the universe (accepted until 1500) |
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Term
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Definition
| Roman emperor (284) whose reforms postponed the collapse of Rome for 200 years |
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Term
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Definition
| Roman emperor (324) whose reforms postponed the collapse of Rome |
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Term
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Definition
| Successor and son of Marcus Aurelius (180) |
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Term
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Definition
| Asiatic tribe that began moving into the region north of the Black Sea; Lived by raiding and plundering |
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Term
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Definition
| Ambitious leader and king of the Visigoths; led them into Italy and captured & looted Rome in 410 |
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Term
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Definition
| Fierce leader of the Huns; led an attack on Gaul, was defeated by Roman and Visigoth armies |
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Definition
| Last Roman emperor in the west (476) |
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Term
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Definition
Allies with Marc Antony and Lepidus
31 BC- Defeats Marc Antony at Battle of Actium (naval battle of Greece)Adopts title Princeps ("first citizen")Declared Augustus ("revered one") by Senate in 27 BC |
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Term
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Definition
| Spanish born-emperor who was the last ruler to control a unified empire |
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Term
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Definition
| Senator that was in on the assassination of Caesar |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the greatest generals of all time; assembled a great army in the Punic Wars |
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Term
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Definition
| Groom's marriage gift to his bride |
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Term
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Definition
| Flammable liquid used as a weapon by the Byzantine army |
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Term
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Definition
| Bishops of the 5 administration centers for the church in the last years of Roman Empire |
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Term
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Definition
| Small religious pictures set up in a church or carried on a journey as aids to worship |
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Term
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Definition
| Argument between the supporters and the opponents of icons |
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Term
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Definition
| Opinion that conflicts with church doctrine |
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Term
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Definition
| Official edict that bans a person from church membership and ceremonies |
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Term
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Definition
| Pictures or designs formed from inlaid pieces of stone, glass, or enamel |
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Term
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Definition
| Magnificent church in Constantinople (532) |
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Term
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Definition
| Vast, grassy, treeless plain in southeastern Europe and southern Asia |
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Term
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Definition
| Members of a social class of nobles in Kievan society |
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Term
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Definition
| Law code of Kievan Russia |
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Term
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Definition
| Chief bishop of the Kievan Church |
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Term
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Definition
| Forest zone in northern region of Kievan Russia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Russian Orthodox interpretation of its leading role in bringing spiritual light to the world |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Nomadic traders/conquerors |
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Term
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Definition
| Collection of Roman laws that omitted repetitions, inconsistencies, and any statutes that dealt with Roman religion. Includes the original laws of Justinian |
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Term
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Definition
Emperor of Byzantine Empire (527-565)
Was an excellent/model leader for the empire,Brought a political, economic, and intellectual revival upon the Byzantine Empire,Changed the law of the empire to make it more favorable for women to live |
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Term
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Definition
- Justinian’s wife
• Encouraged him to improve the status of women in the empire, making popularity rise. Urged Justinian to make various laws that gave women more rights and power in society,Had him fight against the leaders that tried to overthrow him in the Nika Revolt |
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Term
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Definition
Commander in chief of Justinian’s army
• Led the troops that crushed the leaders of the Nika Revolt |
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Term
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Definition
| Brothers who created the Slavic Cyrillic alphabet so that Slavs could read, mainly the Bible |
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Term
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Definition
| Military leader of the Rus; Took control of Novgorod in 862; founded Russia when he is invited to rule and protect the Slavic people |
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Term
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Definition
Ruler of Kievan Russia (1019-1054)
• Made Russia's first law code |
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Term
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Definition
| Rulers that converts Russia to Christianity in 988 |
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Term
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Definition
| Grand prince of Muscovy (1325-1341 |
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Term
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Definition
• Throws off Mongol rule in Russia (1480)
• Conquers additional territory in west
• Consolidates absolute rule |
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Term
|
Definition
• Adopts title Czar
• Accomplishments lay the foundation for modern Russia:
• Law reform
• Trade with west
• Opening of Siberia
• Strikes at Boyars with Oprichniki
• Terrible because: Destruction of Novgorod and murder of eldest son |
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Term
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Definition
| Period in western European history between the collapse of the Roman empire and the Renaissance |
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Term
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Definition
| Term that describes the period 500-1500 in western European history; Middle Ages |
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Term
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Definition
| Political system of local government based on the granting of land in return for loyalty, military assistance, and other services |
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Term
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Definition
| Person granted land from a lord in return for services |
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Term
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Definition
| Grant of land given by a feudal lord to a vassal |
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Term
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Definition
| System under which only the eldest son could inherit his father's property |
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Term
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Definition
| Economic unit of the early Middle Ages; a large estate that included the manor house, pastures, fields, and a village |
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Term
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Definition
| Persons bounds to the land, who could not leave without permission |
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Term
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Definition
| Code of conduct for knights |
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Term
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Definition
| Special ceremonies at which participants receive the direct favor, or grace, or God to help them ward off the consequences of sin |
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Term
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Definition
| Way of life in monasteries and convents in which Christians withdrew from the world to lead a life of prayer, fasting, and self-denial |
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Term
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Definition
| Elected head of a monastery |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Church tax collected from Christians in early times that represented one tenth of their income; later became a gift to a church representing one tenth of a persons income |
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Term
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Definition
| Purchase of a church position, common during early medieval times |
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Term
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Definition
| Institution of the Roman Catholic Church that sought to eliminate heresy by seeking out and punishing heretics |
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Term
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Definition
| Governmental districts in early England |
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Term
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Definition
| English document that intended to protect the liberties of nobles |
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Term
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Definition
| based on judges' decisions rather than on a code of statutes |
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Term
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Definition
| - Weak rulers who left Clovis' divided kingdom to the palace nobles |
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Term
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Definition
| Group of nomads from the east; Resembled earlier Huns so they were known as Hungarians |
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Term
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Definition
| Cruel and savage nomads; aka Danes, Northmen, Norse |
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Term
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Definition
| Group of counselors to the pope |
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Term
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Definition
| Most important members of the curia that advised on spiritual and legal matters |
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Term
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Definition
| (843) Luis the Pius succeeds his father; kingdom divided among Louis' three sons |
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Term
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Definition
| Germanic tribe that was ravaging central Italy and threatening Rome |
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Term
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Definition
| History of earliest England |
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Term
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Definition
| People and places where war could not take place |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Special agents that toured the empire checking for problems |
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Term
| Capital of Charlemagne's Empire |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| • Resolution of the lay investiture controversy. Emperor agreed that rulers no longer have right to appoint bishops; bishops would be elected and consecrated by church authority |
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Term
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Definition
• Conquers and controls all Frankish people
• Christianizes Franks, accepting baptism with 3000 followers
• Once dead, kingdom is divided among his sons |
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Term
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Definition
• Mayor of the Palace
Repels Spanish Moors in West Europe at Tours (732)
Leaves large and strong kingdom to his son, Pepin |
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Term
|
Definition
• Ties Carolingian bonds with the pope
• 751: Pepin crowned king by Pope; establishing Carolingian dynasty
• Precedent established for papal approval for king
• Donation of Papal States against Lombards |
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Term
| Charlemagne (756-814)aka(Charles Martel) |
|
Definition
• Poorly educated but tall, highly intelligent and religious
• Crowned "Emperor of the Romans" by Pope (Christmas Day 800)
• Intensely interested in learning and education
• Palace School founded (Alcuin)
• Carolingian bible formed
• Monastery libraries and schools encouraged |
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Term
|
Definition
| Successor and son of Charlemagne; Empire crumbled under him |
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Term
|
Definition
• Restrains Danes to Danelaw after war with them (876-886)
• Develops schools to educate his people
• Scholars under him produce the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle |
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Term
|
Definition
Elected king by Anglo-Saxon nobles (1042)
• Dies in 1066 childless |
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Term
|
Definition
• Claims the throne of Edward
• Denied claim by nobles for Harold of Wessex
• Invades England and defeats Harold at Battle of Hastings 1066
• Brings feudalism to England but maintains power
• Doomsday Book surveys wealth and population for tax purposes |
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Term
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Definition
| Archbishop of Canterbury;Murdered by knights of Henry II for disagreeing |
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Term
|
Definition
| ) Expands the king's Great Council to the middle class |
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Term
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Definition
| Elected king by German princes (988) |
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Term
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Definition
• Replaces military service with money payments used to hire mercenaries
• Exchequer and King's (Circuit) Courts strengthened
• Attempt to try the clergy leads to Thomas Beckett's death
• Embroiled in conflicts with France through dowry of wife Eleanor of Aquitaine |
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Term
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Definition
| Most powerful Holy Roman Empire,Controlled church and papacy |
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Term
|
Definition
| Disputed over lay investiture with Gregory VII; released Henrys subjects and had them elect another emperor |
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Term
|
Definition
Craved wealthy city-states of North Italy,Ravages Milan for resisting,
Defeated by Lombard League |
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Term
|
Definition
• One of the greatest political figures in Church history
• Claims right over all problems, spiritual and political
Excommunication,Interdict, |
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Term
|
Definition
| Expeditions to regain the Holy Land for Christians |
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Term
|
Definition
| The County of Edessa, the Principality of Antioch, the County of Tripoli, and the Kingdom of Jerusalem |
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Term
|
Definition
| Method of production in which work is done in homes rather than in a shop |
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Term
|
Definition
| Policy of charging interest on loans |
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Term
|
Definition
| Wealth saved, earned, or invested in order to produce profits |
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Term
|
Definition
| Economy in which land, labor, and capital are controlled by individuals |
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Term
|
Definition
| Organization of merchants |
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Term
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Definition
| Organizations of skilled workers engaged in a particular craft |
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Term
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Definition
| Person who undergoes training to become a candidate for membership in a craft guild |
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Term
|
Definition
| Skilled artisan who worked for a master for daily wages |
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Term
|
Definition
| Everyday speech that varies from place to place |
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Term
|
Definition
| Traveling singers who entertained people during the Middle Ages |
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Term
|
Definition
| Attempt of medieval philosophers to reconcile Christian faith and reason |
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Term
|
Definition
| Feeling of loyalty to a country |
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Term
|
Definition
| Period of relocation of the papacy to Avignon, France from 1309-1377 |
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Term
|
Definition
| Division of the Catholic Church into two hostile groups from 1378-1417 |
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Term
|
Definition
| Representative assembly resembling the English Parliament |
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Term
|
Definition
| Wealthy family that became a big influence in the papacy; builds up family lands and power; after 1437, every Holy Roman Emperor will be a Habsburg |
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Term
|
Definition
| Belgium; commercially rich area that England and France fought over |
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Term
|
Definition
| United more than 100 north German cities in a trade union |
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Term
|
Definition
• Infected rats reach Europe from east
• Fleas infect people with Bubonic and Pneumonic Plagues
• 25 million Europeans died (1/3 pop.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Useful weapon in battles; advanced bow and arrow |
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Term
|
Definition
| Summary of all theology, written by Thomas Aquinas |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Summary of all theology, written by Thomas Aquinas |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Book written by Dante Aliheri; Recounts a pilgrimage through hell, purgatory, and heaven |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Book written by Geoffrey Chaucer; Series of stories told by a group of pilgrims on their way to Thomas Beckett’s shrine in Canterbury |
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Term
|
Definition
| Captured Jerusalem and set up four small states; SUCCESS |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| King Louis VII and Conrad III led their armies to the Holy Land to fight the Turks; Failed to capture the city |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| King Richard, King Philip II, and Frederick Barbarossa set out to capture the Holy Land and failed again; Barbarossa drowned and Richard and Philip quarreled; This crusade got the Europeans nowhere |
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Term
|
Definition
| Crusaders stopped and attacked/looted Constantinople; Did not even do the purpose they were set out for |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pope that initiated the Crusades in 1096 |
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Term
|
Definition
| King of France that led an army to fight the Turks in the 2nd Crusade |
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Term
|
Definition
| Holy Roman Emperor that led an army to fight the Turks in the 2nd Crusade |
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Term
|
Definition
| Muslim leader that recaptured Jerusalem (1187 |
|
|
Term
| Dante Alighieri (Florence 1265 |
|
Definition
| “Father of Modern Italian”,Greatest work written- The Divine Comedy |
|
|
Term
| Geoffrey Chaucer (England 1340) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Important scholastic philosopher wrote Sic et Non |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Peter Abelard's book that raised many questions about Church teachings |
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Term
|
Definition
Dominican Friar
Examined the complete teachings of Christian thought- Summa Theologiae |
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Term
|
Definition
Woman who Inspired French patriotism and victory
1429: Saves Orleans from English assault
Helps secure Charles VII as king
Burned at the stake (1431) as heretic by English |
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Term
|
Definition
| King of France (1429); known as “the DAUPHIN |
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Term
|
Definition
Strengthens French monarchy using diplomacy
“Spider King”,Seizes Burgundy (1477) with support of the Swiss
Gains Brittany by marriage |
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Term
|
Definition
| Man of Aragon (Kingdom in Spain). Married Isabella of Castile |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pope who opposed Philip IV when he imposed a tax on the clergy, arrested |
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Term
|
Definition
| (Philip Augustus) King of France (1179-1223). He seized much of English owned land in France |
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Term
| Philip IV (the Fair)- Capetian King (1285-1314) |
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Definition
| Gained power over the clergy and taxed them. Opposed by Boniface VIII, but Philip had him arrested. Established the Estates General (1302 |
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| Member of the clergy and teacher at Oxford. Attacked the wealth of the church, immorality among the clergy, and the pope’s claim to absolute power. Promoted the first translation of the Bible from Latin to English (1382) |
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Definition
| Influenced by Wycliffe. Denounced abuses in the church and was excommunicated in 1411. Condemned as heretic and burned at the stake by Council of Constance in 1415 |
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Definition
| Member of the House of Lancaster. Ended the War of Roses in 1485 by defeating the last Yorkist king Richard III. Became Henry VII, founder of the Tudor Dynasty by seizing the throne of England and the marring the daughter of the House of York |
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Definition
| Movement following the Middle Ages that centered on revival of interest in the classical learning of Rome and Greece; French for “rebirth” |
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Definition
| People who specialize in the humanities, the study of grammar, rhetoric, history, and poetry |
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Definition
| Art technique that involved making distant objects appear smaller than those in the foreground and arranging them to create the illusion of depth on a flat canvas |
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| - Florence family that was wealthy and soon became rulers of the city-state |
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Definition
The Prince described government as it really functioned, not as it should be
The realism of The Prince represented the new spirit of the Renaissance
Lack of moral concern was out of step with Renaissance |
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Definition
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Definition
) Used anatomy study and math to organize painting:works;The Last Supper
,Mona Lisa |
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Definition
works:Sistine Chapel,
David, Moses (sculptures),
Pieta |
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Definition
First to use movable type;
1453-1456: first Bibles printed |
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Definition
Portrayed human personality and emotions with unequaled genius wrote:Hamlet,Romeo and Juliet
,Macbeth |
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Definition
| painted;Vatican frescoes,Madonnas,“School of Athens” |
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Definition
| painted Frescoes,Arena Chapel in Padua |
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Definition
| Used light and shadows to give the effect of depth |
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Definition
| wrote The Book of Courtier;Promoted refined behavior in place of coarse militarism of medieval knights |
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Definition
| Most popular book of the Renaissance |
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Definition
wrote Sonnets to Laura “Father of Humanism",Promoted classical education;Study of Greeks and Romans as models of public and private virtue
;Command of Greek and Latin language |
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Definition
| written by Francesco Petrarch Literature's most brillant poerty |
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Definition
| Developed woodcuts that led to printed illustrations |
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Definition
Most influential northern Humanist,
Interest in simplicity of early Christianity led to criticism of elaborate medieval church
WROTE In Praise of Folly ridiculed ignorance, superstition, and vice among Christians |
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Definition
| Written by Desiderius Erasmus |
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Definition
| painted The Assumption of Blessed Virgin |
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Definition
| Wrote a book and created a word- UTOPIA- criticizing society by imagining an ideal society |
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Definition
| Pardons from punishment or sin |
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Definition
| Religious revolution that split the Christian church in western Europe and created a number of new churches |
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Term
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Definition
| Martin Luther’s protests against indulgences, which he posted on the church door at Wittenberg |
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Definition
| Meeting of rulers of the empire in the city of Worms; banished Martin Luther from the empire and prohibited the sale or printing of his works because he did not renounce his ideas |
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Term
| The Peace of Augsburg (1555)- |
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Definition
| Document stating that each German ruler had the right to choose the religion for his state |
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Term
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Definition
| Religious societies of a few people, usually with a preacher as their leader |
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Term
| Institutes of Christian Religion |
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Definition
| (1536) Book of John Calvin that clearly stated his beliefs |
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Definition
| Government ruled by the clergy claiming God’s |
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Definition
| Calvinist belief that stated that God had decided at the beginning of time who would be saved; The saved were known as “the elect” |
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Definition
| King Henry IV issued it; gave the Huguenots freedom to worship and some political rights |
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Definition
| –Reform movement of in the Catholic Church, beginning in the 1530s, that fostered a more spiritual outlook, clarified church doctrines, and pursued a campaign against Protestants |
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Definition
| Established by Pope Paul IV; forbade Catholics to read certain books that were considered harmful to faith or morals |
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Term
| The Council of Trent (1545-1563) |
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Definition
| Church council called by Pope Paul III to the city of Trent that defined church doctrine |
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Definition
| Book written by Ignatius de Loyola that said that salvation can be achieved by self-discipline and by doing good deeds |
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Term
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Definition
| Transformation in thinking that occurred during the 1500s and 1600s caused by scientific observation, experimentation, and the question of traditional opinions |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory of Ptolemy that said the Earth was the center of the universe and the other planets and the Sun moved around it |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory of Copernicus that said that the Sun was the center of the universe |
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Term
| On Revolutions of Heavenly Bodies |
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Definition
| Book by Copernicus that stated his conclusions of the heliocentric theory |
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Term
| Dialogue on the Two Great Systems of the World (1632 |
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Definition
| Book by Galileo that said various things such as the rings of Saturn, sunspots, and the rotation of the Earth on its axis that he proved through using the textbook |
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Term
| On the Fabric of the Human Body (1543 |
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Definition
| Book by Vesalius that revised the ideas of Galen on the construction of the human body |
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Term
| Discourse on Method (1637 |
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Definition
| Book by Descartes that argued that everything had to be proved, except basic ideas that were true beyond all doubt |
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Term
| The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687 |
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Definition
| Book by Isaac Newton that contained the laws of motion and universal gravitation |
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Term
| Causes of the Scientific Revolution |
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Definition
| Curiosity about the secrets of nature led people to experiment and observe things on their own; foundation of the approach was the principle of doubt |
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Term
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Definition
| Led man to believe in the true theory of the universe, the heliocentric theory |
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Term
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Definition
| Used a telescope to discover the extraterrestrial world |
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Term
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Definition
| Devised the laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation |
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Term
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Definition
| The method of inquiry that includes carefully conducting experiments and mathematical calculations, to verify the results of those repeatable experiments; involves making logical deductions from self-evident principles |
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Definition
| Monk sent around northern Germany to raise funds for the rebuilding of St. Peter’s Basilica; used the technique of the sale of indulgences |
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Term
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Definition
o Born in Eisleben, Saxony (Germany) (1483) to a moderately peasant family
o Terrible sinner and soon became religious
o Felt that the only thing that saved a sinner was an inner faith in God
o Developed beliefs that soon became known as Lutheranism
o Posted his 95 Theses that clearly stated what he believed
o Excommunicated by Pope Leo X; condemned as a heretic
o Taken to Wartburg Castle under the protection of Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony; while there translated the New Testament from Latin to German |
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Definition
| that excommunicated Luther and declared him a heretic |
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Term
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Definition
o HRE that brought Luther to the Imperial Diet at Worms
o Nephew of Catherine of Aragon
o Sent his armies to Germany against the Protestant princes and eventually reached an agreement with the signing of the Peace of Augsburg |
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Term
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Definition
| The Elector of Saxony that protected Luther and provided him a place to stay (Wartburg Castle) for him to hide |
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Definition
“Defender of the Faith”o King of England that caused the break between England and the Roman Catholic Church (1529-1536)o Wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon because she couldn’t produce a male heir; Pope Clement VII would not allow it
o Withdrew England from the Church; created the Church of England (led by the king)
o Married 6 times; eventually married Jane Seymour and had Edward IV |
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Term
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Definition
o Vicar at the cathedral in Zurich who was greatly influenced by the humanist writings of Erasmus
o Held a religious reformation in Zurich, Switzerland (protestant ideas)
o Died in a battle between Catholics and Protestants (1531) |
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Term
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Definition
o French Protestant that founded a Protestant church
o Wrote Institutes of Christian Religion
o Established a theocracy in Geneva that followed Calvinism
o Believed in predestination |
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Term
| Pope Paul III (1534-1549) |
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Definition
o Brought the medieval Inquisition to Rome
o Summoned the Council of Trent in 1545 |
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Definition
| Established the Index of Forbidden Books in 1559 |
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Term
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Definition
| Founder of the Jesuit order in 1534 |
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Definition
| Polish scientist that discovered and proposed the heliocentric theory;Published On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres in 1543 |
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Term
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Definition
| Mathematician who used math to test Copernicus’s theory;Discovered that elliptical orbits were not circles, they were ovals; this helped prove Copernicus was correct |
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Term
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Definition
| Used a telescope to see things in outer-space and clearly prove the heliocentric theory; Proved mathematically that in the absence of air friction, all objects fall at the same speed regardless of their weight |
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Term
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Definition
| Flemish scientist who pioneered the study of anatomy;Published On a Fabric of the Human Body in 1543 |
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Term
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Definition
| English physician who described the circulation of the blood through veins and arteries, the heart, and the function of blood vessels |
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Term
| Rene Descartes (1596-1650 |
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Definition
“I think, therefore I am”;Believed that on should question all assumptions before accepting them;
Wrote Discourse on Method (1637) |
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Term
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Definition
| Believed that the pursuit of scientific knowledge and repeated experiments led to reliable truth |
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Term
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Definition
Published The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687);
Discovered the laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation |
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Term
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Definition
| Instrument used for navigational purposes, which includes a magnetized piece of metal that points to the north |
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Term
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Definition
| Instrument used to calculate latitude |
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Term
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Definition
| Distance north or south of the equator |
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Term
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Definition
| Long ships used for European coastal trade |
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Term
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Definition
Changes and developments in the European economy from 1400-1750, which improved the ways of doing business;Standardized money- Florin (Florence), Ducat (Venice);
Joint stock companies |
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Term
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Definition
| Business organization that raised money by selling investors stock, or shares, in the company |
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Term
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Definition
Economic theory stating that there is a fixed amount of wealth in the world and that in order to receive a larger share, one country has to take some wealth away from another country:Increase exports, decrease imports
;Acquire colonies;
High tariffs |
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Term
| Favorable balance of trade |
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Definition
| Situation that exists when a country sells more goods than its buys from a foreign country |
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Term
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Definition
| Import taxes on foreign trade |
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Term
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Definition
| 1494 agreement between Spain and Portugal dividing all newly discovered lands; Moves the Papal Line of Demarcation west |
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Term
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Definition
| Representatives of the Spanish monarch in Spain’s colonial empire |
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Term
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Definition
| Military technique relying on swift raids by small bands of soldiers |
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Term
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Definition
| Selling the right to collect taxes to private individuals known as tax farmers |
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Term
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Definition
| Regional administrators of a French province |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief that God ordained certain individuals to govern |
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Term
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Definition
| Principle of maintaining equilibrium in international policies |
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Term
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Definition
| partitions of Poland by Prussia, Austria, and Russia (1772,1793,1795) |
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Term
| The Diplomatic Revolution |
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Definition
| Major reversal of alliances into the upcoming Seven Years War |
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Term
| Prince Henry the Navigator |
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Definition
| Member of the Portuguese royal family that founded Sagres, school for sailing and navigation |
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Term
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Definition
| - 1488, rounded the Cape of Good Hope (tip of Africa) |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Navigator of Florence. Has his name adopted for the “New World” (where he landed) |
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Term
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Definition
| , Crosses the Isthmus of Panama and names it the South Sea |
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Term
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Definition
| Portuguese navigator that sailed west in order to circumnavigate the world. Names the ocean west of Latin America, “Pacific”. Dies in 1521 during expedition |
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Term
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Definition
| 1513, sailed from the Caribbean to Florida |
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Term
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Definition
| 1519, conqueror of Aztec empire under Montezuma in Mexico |
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Term
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Definition
| Aztec ruler conquered by Cortés |
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Term
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Definition
| 1530, seized Incan empire in Peru |
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Term
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Definition
Elected HRE 1519
Problems during reign: Luther and Worms (1521), Ottoman Turks threaten Vienna (1529), Lutheran/ Catholic wars (till 1555)
Retires in 1556; Empire goes to his son, Philip II: Spain- Spanish Hapsburgs and to his brother Ferdinand I: HRE- Austrian Hapsburgs |
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Term
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Definition
o Rules from Escorial Palace (autocratically)
o Foreign wars weaken finances of Spain: Ottoman Turks (Lepanto), Armada against England (1588), Rebellion in Netherlands |
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Term
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Definition
Prince of Orange;o 1579, he led the northern provinces in declaring their independence from Spain and becoming known as the United Provinces of the Netherlands
;Assassinated in 1584 |
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Term
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Definition
o Huguenot but converted to Catholicism in order to become king
o “Paris is well worth a mass”
o Issued the Edict of Nantes to protect the Huguenots
o Works to restore power of the central government against nobility
o Problems such as tax farming & taille on the peasants makes these harder to do
o Duke of Sully (finance minister) enacts reforms to build a surplus in treasury |
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Term
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Definition
| Successor of Henry IV (age of 8);Puts the government in the hand of Cardinal Richelieu |
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Term
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Definition
o Chief minister during the reign of Louis XIII (1624-1642);o “Make king supreme in France, make France supreme in Europe”
Destroy power of nobility, abolish political independence of Huguenots, Encourage trade and industry, Reduce power of Spanish/ Austrian Hapsburgs |
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Term
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Definition
| Successor of Cardinal Richelieu |
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Term
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Definition
o Louis’s finance advisor; brilliant man
o Eliminates corruption and waste in the tax-farming system in order to finance Versailles, a large army, and French expedition |
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Term
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Definition
| Louis XIV’s Secretary of State for War; he was a military genius who reorganized how the army was run |
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Term
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Definition
| Officer responsible for the training of the soldiers and other officers in Louis’s army |
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Term
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Definition
| 1535-1536, sails on the St. Lawrence River |
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Term
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Definition
| Explored and claimed for France the entire inland region of North America (near the Gulf of Mexico) |
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Term
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Definition
| First czar of the Romanov dynasty |
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Term
| Peter I (the Great) (1689-1725) |
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Definition
o Violent; 6’6” tall
o Goal: Acquire warm-water port on the Black Sea for Russia
To do this he must get help from Western Europe and build a strong Russia
o 1697- Travels to Western Europe to negotiate and alliance against the Turks but it fails miserably; disguised himself as a citizen to look inconspicuous; learns a lot about the West
o Westernized Russia with other European countries as his examples
Reorganized his army (France); defeated Sweden (1700-1701) to gain access to the Baltic Sea
Built a new capital @ St.Petersburg (symbolized Russian Westernization as “Window to the West”
Liberation of women, western dress, and ban on beards were enacted
Built a better army and navy; developed foreign trade; centralized church and state
Gave nobility serfs to work for them; serfs decreased in Europe, increased in Russia |
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Term
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Definition
o German princess; wife of Peter III
o Supported science, literature, drama, etc.; extended serfdom; westernized the nobility more
o Takes the north shore of Black Sea in a war against the Turks
o Took advantage of Poland by partitioning it in 1772,1793, & 1795 with Prussia and Austria
o Added 200,000 square miles to the Russian empire |
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Term
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Definition
o HRE (1745)
o Her lands are patchwork of conflicting languages, religions, and ethnic nationalities |
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Term
| Frederick-William The Great Elector |
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Definition
o Organizes a strong unified army
o Improves taxes, agriculture, industry, and transportation |
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Term
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Definition
| First King of Prussia (1701) Prussia: Brandenburg-Prussia &East Prussia |
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Term
| Frederick William I (1713 |
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Definition
o Disliked French luxury
o Doubled the size of army to be the most efficient in Europe (all soldiers over 6 foot)
o Developed the state further: Efficient taxation; industrial development; mandatory primary education |
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Term
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Definition
| Intelligent ruler who was dedicated to the expansion of territory and prestige of Prussia |
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Term
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Definition
| 130-ship fleet assembled by Philip II in 1588 in retaliation to the execution of Mary Queen of Scots; goal was to invade and make England Catholic |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Class of English population who owned land and had social position but held no title |
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Term
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Definition
| Merchants and professional people from towns and cities |
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Term
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Definition
| English Parliament elected in 1640, which reconvened periodically for 20 years |
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Term
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Definition
| Remnant of the Long Parliament established by the expulsion of the Presbyterian members in 1648 |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed in 1645, strictly disciplined army that was run by Oliver Cromwell |
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Term
| The Instrument of Government |
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Definition
| First written constitution of a major nation |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Anti-James;For strong Parliament |
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Term
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Definition
| James’ abdication from the throne of England and William of Orange and Mary are invited to reign |
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Term
| Two Treaties of Government |
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Definition
| - (1688) Book written by John Locke that supported Parliament and the ideas of the Glorious Revolution |
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Term
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Definition
| - (1651) Book written by Thomas Hobbes that stated his political philosophy; man lived in anarchy (state of nature) and people must given the monarch absolute power |
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Term
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Definition
| right protecting individuals from arbitrary arrest and imprisonment |
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Term
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Definition
| 1689 act of British Parliament granting some religious freedoms to non-Anglican Protestants |
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Term
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Definition
| Leaders of Parliament who acted as advisers to the English monarch |
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Term
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Definition
| Head of government in Great Britain |
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Term
| Limited Constitutional Monarchy |
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Definition
| Government led by a monarch whose powers were limited by a constitution, and who was required to consult Parliament |
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Term
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Definition
| Adventurous group of English sea captains who lived in the late 1500s |
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Term
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Definition
| Pro-king, “Royalists”, Anglicans, Catholics, Nobles |
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Term
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Definition
| Curb royal power, Puritans, Pro-Parliament |
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Term
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Definition
| Demands formal charge or release of arrested individuals within a specific time |
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Term
| The Declaration of Rights |
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Definition
| Ruler is subject to Parliamentary choice and laws;Ruler is forbidden outside Parliament to proclaim or suspend law, impose taxes, maintain |
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Term
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Definition
| Gave freedom of worship to non-Anglican Protestants (Dissenters) (Jews &Roman Catholics were excluded) |
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Term
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Definition
| Designed in order to keep Catholics off the throne;Anne (Mary’s sister) will succeed William & Mary if they don’t have any children and Sophia of Hanover would succeed Anne if she dies childless |
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Term
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Definition
;Eldest daughter of Henry VIII; married to Philip II of Spain
;“Bloody Mary”- Executes 300 who resisted Roman Catholic practice
;Attempts at making England Roman Catholic |
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Term
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Definition
| King of Spain; married to Mary Tudor;1588, Planned for Spain to attack England and force a Catholic rule on England (Spanish Armada |
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Term
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Definition
| Strengthens Anglicanism in England; persecutes some who don’t unite under it |
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Term
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Definition
| Closest relative to Elizabeth; Stuart; CATHOLIC;Plotted with Philip II to kill Elizabeth and seize the English throne;Imprisoned and soon beheaded (1587) |
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Term
| James I (1603-1625) (King James VI of Scotland) |
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Definition
Intelligent but had no political common sense
;“The wisest fool in Christendom” Henry IV
o Commissions King James Bible (Authorized Version)
;Raised funds for active government outside Parliament |
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Term
|
Definition
o “Divine right” monarch; French Catholic wife
o Enforced Anglicanism
o Provokes rebellion in Presbyterian Scotland
o Confronted by Parliament (1628) with the Petition of Right (four ancient liberties against the king)
o Dissolves Parliament for 11 years after they refuse tax demands |
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Term
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Definition
o Gifted orator and leader; repressed dissent as “agent of God”
o “Reluctant dictator” who devised Instrument of Government (first written constitution of a major nation) for the Commonwealth
o Survived as a ruler because he had enough money, had a disciplined powerful army, and there was no organized military opposition
o Brutally repressed Ireland;o Enacted the Navigation Act of 1541 which challenged Dutch shipping and eventually went to war with the Dutch because of this and other policies (1652-1654) |
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Term
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Definition
o Reign is known as The RESTORATION
o “Merry Monarch” (he restored the pleasure the Cromwell had banned)
o France and Catholic toleration but ends up abandoning them |
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Term
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Definition
o Strong royal absolutism
o Roman Catholic and pro-Catholic
o Protestant daughters: Mary, Anne; Catholic son
• Thomas Hobbes |
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Term
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Definition
wrote;o The Leviathon
o “Social contract”- Man gives absolute power to monarchy in order to prevent anarchy |
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Term
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Definition
wrote Two Treatises of Government;o Man retains certain individual rights not surrendered to the government in “social contract”
o Man has the right to overthrow a government that violates “social contract |
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Term
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Definition
| First of the Hanoverian dynasty of Great Britain; spoke no English |
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Term
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Definition
| Spoke English but depended on sir Robert Walpole to manage the ministration |
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Term
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Definition
| Whig who became the first Prime Minister, under two Hanoverians |
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Term
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Definition
| 1497-98, Makes early explorations of Canadian coast in North America |
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Term
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Definition
| 1580, First English captain to sail around the world |
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Term
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Definition
| 1609, charts the east coast of North America for Dutch; explores river and bay that bear his name |
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Term
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Definition
| Period in the 1700s when philosophers believed that they could apply the scientific method and use reason to explain human nature logically |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief that truth can be arrived at solely by reason, or logical thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| Writers, social critics, and people infatuated with Great Britain; analyzed, attacked, and called for reform of political and social institutions (king’s power, Church’s position, the noble’s privileges |
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Term
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Definition
| - Edited version of a book by Denis Diderot and Jean d’Alembert; 28 volumes between 1751 and 1772; leading philosophes of the day contributed articles and questions criticizing government, the church, slavery, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gatherings of social, political, and cultural elite in France during the Enlightenment |
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Term
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Definition
| )- Book written by Baron de Montesquieu that said that Britain had the most perfect government; its strength lay in the fact that its was divided equally into the legislative, executive, and judicial branch |
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Term
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Definition
| Book written by Voltaire helped popularize British ideas in France |
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Term
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Definition
| Book written by Jean- Jacques Rousseau that said that people are naturally good, but are corrupted by environment, laws, and education |
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Term
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Definition
| Governmental principle based on just laws and on a government created by and subject to the will of the people |
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Term
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Definition
| System of government in which absolute monarchs ruled according to the principles of the Enlightenment |
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Term
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Definition
| France before the Revolution (1789 |
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Term
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Definition
| ”- Bands of peasants rampage through the countryside destroying monasteries, etc. in order to eliminate records of feudal dues |
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Term
| The Declaration of Rights of Women and Citizenesses |
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Definition
| Book written by Olympe de Gouges that tried to get women the same rights as men did in the Declaration of the Rights of Man |
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Term
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Definition
| Administrative districts of France |
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Term
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Definition
| French emigrants that became a constant source of trouble for France |
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Term
|
Definition
| People who wanted no more changes (right side of legislature |
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Term
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Definition
| People who wanted more change; wanted to rid the king & set up a republic (left side |
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| France’s national anthem that was sung by Revolutionary troops marching into Paris |
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| Republicans who represented the middle class and feared the domination of France by Paris |
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| Members of a radical political club who were republicans who favored the domination of Paris |
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| Reign of Terror (Sept. 1793-Jul 1794)- |
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| Jacobins led systematic elimination of all internal opposition; arrested, tried, and executed many people on the suspicion that they were not for the republic; ends with the execution of Robespierre |
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| NB seeks to stifle the trade of the “nation of shopkeepers” by banning British trade on the continent |
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| Yes or no vote on 1 proposition |
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| Love of one’s country rather than love of one’s respective region |
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| Tactic of burning or destroying crop and anything else that might be of value to an invader |
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| 100 days when NB ruled in Paris after escaping from Elba (March 1815) |
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| Principle involving restoring former ruling families to their thrones |
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| Compensation paid to a nation for damages inflicted on it, as in war |
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| Period of time during which those in authority desire a return to the orderly conditions of an earlier era |
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| Extremists who not only oppose change, but generally would like to return to the way things were before certain changes occurred |
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| Political movement extending the principles of the American and French Revolutions, stressing individual rights and the rule of law rather than the rule of a monarch |
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| Great Britain, Austria, Russia, & Prussia |
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| Idea of Czar Alexander that all rulers agree to rule by Christian principles |
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| Edited the Encyclopedia; published the first edition in 28 volumes |
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| - Co-editor of the Encyclopedia |
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| Hostess of a salon that subsidized the Encyclopedia |
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| Wrote The Spirit of the Laws; his ideas carried great weight in the formation of limited constitutional monarchies |
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| Voltaire (Francois-Mary Arouet |
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o Wrote Philosophic Letters, and his novel, Candide (ridiculed oppressive government, prejudice, bigotry, superstition, and religious intolerance
o “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death you right to say it.” |
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| Wrote The Social Contract |
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| Did very little, was lazy, vice-ridden;o Borrowed recklessly: “After me, the deluge” |
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o Married to Marie- Antoinette
o Asks to tax the 1st & 2nd Estates but it is rejected; by 1787, he is left in the middle of a financial disaster that could destroy the country
o Calls the Estates General at Versailles in 1789 |
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| Austrian wife of Louis XVI that was executed during the Reign of Terror |
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| - Stirred up the grievances of the Third Estate |
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| French hero who led the National Guard (people’s army) |
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| Parisian playwright who led a group of women wanting equal rights |
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| - Led British fleet against a combined French and Spanish fleet off the southern coast of Spain |
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| Brother of Louis XVI; Captured Napoleon; fled France once Napoleon returned |
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| Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand |
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| Representative of France on behalf of Louis XVIII |
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| Representative from Russia |
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| Foreign minister of Austria and chairman of the conference |
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| Foreign secretary of great Britain |
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| Term for changes beginning in the 1700s, when power-driven machines began to do much of the work that people had done before |
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| Practice of fencing or enclosing common lands into individual holdings, largely for the benefit of wealthy landholders |
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| Practice of alternating crops of different kinds to preserve the soil |
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| Factors of crop production |
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Definition
| Basic resources necessary for industrialization, such as land (natural resources), capital (money and goods that are used in the production process), and labor (industrial workers) |
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| Use of automatic machinery to increase production |
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| Method of production in which work is done in home rather than in a shop or factory |
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| Production of goods in a factory through the use of machines and a large number of workers |
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| Method of making steel that involves the forcing of air through molten iron to burn off carbon and other impurities |
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| Economic system in which private individuals rather than the government control the factors of production |
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| Early phase of capitalism involving merchants who bought, sold, and exchanged goods |
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| - Type of capitalism occurring during the Industrial Revolution when capitalists were involved in producing and manufacturing goods themselves, often used mechanized and industrialized methods of production |
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| Characteristic of civilizations in which different people perform different jobs |
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| Parts that can go equally well in other components |
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| System of manufacturing large numbers of identical items |
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| Business owned and controlled by one person |
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| Business owned and controlled by two or more people |
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| - Business organization in which individuals buy shares of stock, elect directors to decide policies and hire managers, and receive dividends according to the number of shares they own |
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| Complete control of the production or sale of a good or service by a single firm |
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| Combinations of corporations that control an entire industry |
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| Pattern consisting of alternating periods of prosperity and decline |
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| Lowest point of a business cycle |
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| -Economic system based on supply, demand, and competition, where laws and regulations are thought to interfere with the working of the system |
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| Belief that government should not interfere with the operations of business |
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| Law that helped many people was a good law |
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| method involving the refusal of workers to work until their demands have been met |
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| Associations of workers that plan actions and coordinate demands for workers |
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| Process of negotiation between union members and management |
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| Political and economic system in which the government owns the means of production |
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| - Persons who believe that people can live at peace with each other if they live in small cooperative settlements, owning all of the means of production in common and sharing the products |
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| - City-dwelling middle class, made up of merchants, manufacturers, and professional people (doctors and lawyers); in Marxist society, owners of property |
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| Name given by Marx to the working class |
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| - Economic and political system in which the government owns almost all the means of production, controls economic planning, and ignores human rights; communism |
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| Economic and political system in which the government owns almost all the means of production, controls economic planning, and ignores all human rights; authoritarian socialism |
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| Political system in which the government takes over the means of production peacefully; people retain basic human rights and partial control over economic planning |
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| Each invention went on to create a new need, and human ingenuity filled each gap with a new invention |
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| Poor English weaver that came up with the spinning jenny in the 1760s; it could produce 8x as much thread as a single spinning wheel |
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Improved the spinning jenny with the water frame, a machine driven by waterpower
Opened a spinning mill (place where workers and machines could make goods); in 1784, he employed hundreds of workers in these mills |
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| Invented the cotton gin in 1793; it helped the cotton cultivation by removing the seeds from the cotton fibers more efficiently and quickly than by hand |
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Scottish engineer and instrument maker who studied the Newcomen engine
Made improvements and patented the modern steam engine in 1769 |
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| Englishman who developed a cheap and effective way to make steel; see Bessemer process |
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o Scottish engineer who worked out a new way to build roads that improved travel conditions
o Macadam roads were layers of smaller stones topped a roadbed of large stones |
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o American engineer who was the first to adapt a steam engine for use on ships
o Est. the first regular inland steamboat service that produced a profit
o His boat, the Clement, was launched from the Hudson in 1807 and soon after, many steamboats began appearing all over the world |
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o Sent an electrical current over a wire to a machine at the other end of the wire; each time electricity passed, the machine o 1838, he worked out a system of dots and dashes (Morse code) by which the clicks could be translated into letters
o 1844, he invented the telegraph |
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| 1866, he and a group of Americans laid a cable across the Atlantic Ocean for telegraph communication |
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o Said that government must not interfere with the natural laws or economy
o Incorporated some of his ideas on how government should be handled in The Wealth of Nations (1776)
o Saw two great natural laws driving economy (see natural laws of economics)
o Believed in free enterprise to bring about the best possible economic situation |
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o Said that government could not do anything to affect the economy
o English businessman who was very wealthy and was elected to the House of Commons
o Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (his book) stated that supply and demand determined wages (↑ labor = ↓wages; ↓ labor = ↑ wages; ↑population makes more workers = ↓ wages) “Iron law of wages” |
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| o Dombey and Son and Hard Times- Attacked selfish leaders; David Copperfield- Used his own childhood experiences as basis for things. Criticized the misery in society |
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o An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation- Argued that every act of a society should be judged in terms of its utility (Utilitarianism)
o Thought that government should create conditions to enable as many people as possible to find happiness
o Believed that people needed education to determine what things were good for them |
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o Believed government should work for the well-being of all its citizens
o Believed government should intervene to protect working children, improve household/factory conditions, and create gender equality |
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| o English humanist who wrote the book Utopia (1516), which described the model communities that were attempted at by socialists |
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o Most influential utopian socialist
o By 19, he owned a cotton mill and then purchased a spinning mill in New Lanark, Scotland; 1814, he entered a partnership with Jeremy Bentham
o Believed that is people lived in a good environment, they would not act selfishly. He took care of his workers by setting them up with all the luxuries they needed to live
o Believed that workers should not be completely dependent on their employers; encouraged them to form unions; est. cooperative communities in Great Britain and the United States |
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The basic ideas of the book stated that history is mainly the struggle between owners and non-owners (bourgeoisie & proletariat)
o Believed that all wealth is created by labor, but the labor only received a small fraction of the wealth it creates; most of this wealth produced goes to the owners, known as surplus value. Eventually, capitalist society would split into some capitalists and the working class (proletariat); he concluded that the working class would plunge into poverty from this
o Proletariat Revolution
o “From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs”- The people could contribute what they could and receive what they needed
o Scientific socialism because he was describing objective laws of historical development |
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| Political movement extending the principles of the American and French Revolutions, stressing individual rights and the rule of law rather than the rule of a monarch |
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Definition
| Group in 1830s Great Britain who called for social reforms such as universal male suffrage and payment for members of Parliament |
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| Self- government in local matters |
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| Persons who believe in the abolition of all governments |
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Persons who believe in
- Member of advocate of the Commune of Paris of 1871 |
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Term
| William Gladstone (LIBERAL) (1868; |
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Definition
o Passed the Education Act of 1870, which created a national elementary education system (schooling was at a fee, but declared free by 1891)
o 1872- Gave Britain the secret ballot
o 1884- Third Reform Bill, which gave the vote to farmers
o 1885- Redistribution Bill, which divided Britain into electoral districts equal in population |
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Definition
o Glad to be the king and carried out many reforms from previous years
o Accepted a limited constitutional monarchy and a legislature to assist governing
o Determined to balance extremists who wanted an absolute monarchy and reformers who wanted France to be a republic |
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Term
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Definition
o Believed in an absolute monarchy
o Reimbursed the émigrés whose estates had been sold off (meant the taxing of all the people for the émigrés benefit)
o Abolished liberal reforms and the constitution est. by his brother (Louis XVIII)
o Forced to abdicate the throne in 1830 due to revolts |
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Term
| Louis Philippe (“Citizen King”) |
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Definition
o Duke of Orleans who was part of the Bourbon family, but shared some Liberal beliefs
o Favored the upper middle class (business)
Voting population doubled from 90,000 to 200,000 (lowered voting age & the tax that qualified one to vote
Outlawed labor unions
High tariffs placed on imported good benefited owners because they kept foreign-made goods out of France
o Political opposition from monarchists (wanted direct descent of Charles X), Bonapartists (wanted to revive Napoleon’s empire), and republicans (believed France should become a republic, institute political rights and make changes to benefit all people)
o Abdicates after revolts of 1848 instead of using force |
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| Established professional nursing of the wounded during the Crimean War |
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Definition
| Emperor of Mexico during the Crimean War who was overthrown and executed by Mexicans led by Benito Juarez |
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o Bonaparte’s nephew who was elected emperor of the Second French Republic
o Supports the Church by helping the pope suppress an attempt to set up a republic in Rome
o To gain another term as president, initiates a coup d’etat, which gets him another 10 years
o All things to all men: Censorship of press & speech maintains control (pleases conservatives); universal male suffrage of legislature (pleases liberals) development of manufacturing and railroads (pleases middle class); public works program employ working class; protection of the pope (pleases Catholics) |
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o Jewish officer who was convicted of the attempt to betray French military secrets to Germany; he was sentenced to life imprisonment
o Resolved that he was falsely accused and the real traitor was Emile Zola |
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| Famous French novelist; wrote “J’accuse”, which publicly spoke about supporters covering up the truth |
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| Italian word for” resurgence”; used as a name for the Italian nationalist movement of the 1800s; liberate and unify |
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| Society of Italian nationalist formed in 1831 under Guiseppe Mazzini |
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| Customs (tariff) union of German states begun in 1834; by 1854 included most of the German states and abolished tariffs among themselves; benefited them by lowering prices, spread industrialization (provided free markets for German goods), and it set up uniform systems of weights, measures, and currency throughout |
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| 1866) Agreement that ended the Austro-Prussian Seven Weeks War; dissolved the German Confederation and surrendered Holstein to Prussia and Venetia to Italy |
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| Title of a German emperor |
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| Upper house of the German legislation |
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| Lower house of German legislation |
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o Bismark’s anti-Catholic “culture struggle”
o Tried to control Catholic clergy and schools; the Centre (Catholic) Party gained many supporters from opposition of the Kulturkampf
o Abandoned in 1887 |
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Definition
o German socialist party formed in 1869
o Had 12 members in Reichstag house, and worked through Reichstag to voice their opinion and proposals
o Rising power in an election in 1877 alarmed Bismarck, which led to repressive measures (accusations) upon them
o Diminished when Bismarck began granting socialist reforms (sickness & accident insurance, controlled working hours, and pensions |
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Definition
| Ruler who holds absolute power |
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| Program of Nicholas I to force non-Russian people to adopt the Russian language, Orthodox religion, and Russian customs |
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| - Nationalist movement that pressed for the political and cultural unity of all Slavs under Russian leadership |
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| 1861 proclamation of Alexander II that freed all Russian serfs; did not really improve conditions of the serfs |
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| Russian terrorist group in the late 1800s; assassinated Alexander II (1881) |
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| Government sponsored riots resulting in the massacre of Jews in Russia |
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| Russian parliament formed in 1905; created by the October Manifesto (degree) |
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| 1878 agreement in which the Ottoman Empire granted the independence to Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro; created an autonomous Bulgaria, which russian troops occupied |
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| alliance between Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro against the Ottoman Empire |
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| Secret society of nationalists; Italian for “charcoal-burners” |
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| Italian revolutionary who in 1831 called for all Italian patriots to join the Young Italy Movement |
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| King of Sardinia who ruled a constitutional monarchy |
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Definition
o Italian nationalist who led 1,100 soldiers (Red Shirts) to invade and take Sicily and Naples
o Forms the Kingdom of Italy along with Cavour |
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Definition
o Liberal and Italian patriot who served as Piedmont-Sardinia’s chief minister
o Disliked absolutism and admired British system of parliamentary government; envisioned a united Italy under Sardinia’s leadership
o Strengthened the army, encouraged shipbuilding, and negotiating treaties with countries to increase trade. Helped Sardinia gain an international status by helping in the Crimean War
o Austria was his biggest obstacle in uniting the peninsula (controlled Lombardy-Venetia); made an alliance with Napoleon III (France) to fight Austria in order to gain these countries
o Met at Naples with Garibaldi and formed the Kingdom of Italy |
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Definition
o Sought ways to increase French influence, and hoped that with Austria almost out of Italy, France could take over a weak confederation of Italian states
o Met/planned with Cavour against Austria; signs an armistice once in war with Austria because he doesn’t want war. Eventually, France gains Nice and Savoy
o When the Franco-Prussian War broke out in 1870, he recalled his troops from Rome |
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Definition
| Class of aristocratic landowners who complained that tariffs were hurting sales of farm products |
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Definition
| of Prussia in 1861; appointed Bismarck to head the Prussian cabinet |
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Term
| Otto von Bismarck (Iron Chancellor |
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Definition
o Conservative Junker politician; head of the Prussian cabinet (1862)
o Opposed democracy, parliaments, idealists (“mere talk”)
o Goal: To ensure Prussian dominance of the future German state through “blood and iron”
o Collected taxes for military expansion without parliamentary authorization
o Two obstacles to empower Prussia: Drive Austria from its position of leadership in the German confederation; overcome Austria’s influence over the southern German states
o In Seven Weeks War- Gains French neutrality by Rhineland promise; gains Italian support by promise of Venetia
o In Franco-Prussian War- Provoke war with France by altering the Ems Dispatch
o Initiated the Kulturkampf
o Resigns at the request of Kaiser William II |
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Definition
o Successor of Frederick III
o Disagreed much with Bismarck and asked him to resign
o Set out to expand German position in the world, so he starting building up the German army and navy; made Germany stronger than ever before |
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Definition
| Middle and upper-class intellectuals that believed a just society could be created only by abolishing the existing political, economic, and social structures and building a new Russia; from Latin word nihil meaning “nothing” |
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Definition
| Common ruler of the Dual Monarchy between Austria and Hungary Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary |
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Definition
o Emancipation of serfs (1861)- Improved serf life very little
o Allowed rural districts to elect zemstvos (councils at the provincial and county levels that were elected by all classes
o Reformed the courts and the court system
o Assassinated in 1881 by “The People’s Will” (terrorist group) |
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Definition
| Works with his successor, Nicholas II to annihilate all liberal ideas |
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Definition
| glorification of armed strength |
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| alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy |
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| 1907 alliance between France, Russia, and Great Britain |
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| Description of the international rivalries and instability focused on the Balkans before World War 1 |
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| Demand in which one party threatens harmful action to another party if the other party rejects its proposals |
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Definition
| World War 1 alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire |
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Definition
| World War 1 alliance of Great Britain, France, Russia, and their partners, later included the United States |
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Definition
| German submarines used in World War 1 |
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| Slow wearing-down manner of warfare in which each side tries to outlast the other |
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| President Woodrow Wilson’s plan for a just world based on the Allies’ aims to end World War 1; sought a “peace of justice” whereas the treaty wanted a “peace of vengeance |
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Definition
| World organization formed after World War 1 to maintain peace |
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| Treaty between Germany and the Allied Powers at the end of World War 1 |
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| Former name of St. Petersburg |
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Definition
| Communists; forces of the new government that fought many battles with the White forces |
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Definition
| Opponents of the Communists |
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Definition
o Peace treaty signed with the Central Powers in March 1918 at Brest-Litovsk that took Russia out of the war
o Accepted the terms of Germany and agreed to give up a sizeable amount of territory |
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Definition
| German foreign minister who sent a telegram to the German ambassador in Mexico |
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Definition
| Socialist members of the Petrograd Soviet |
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Definition
| Group of more radical socialists |
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Definition
o Leader of the Bolsheviks; born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov in 1870, but changed to Lenin; he was an intelligent, forceful, and middle class man
o April 16, 1917- Returned to Russia from Switzerland and urged soviet power; his slogan- “peace, land, and bread”
o Believed that Russia had little industry and a small working class. It was necessary for this small group of devoted Marxists to train the workers to become revolutionaries. His adaptation of Marxism formed the basis for what is communism. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Bolsheviks new name for their party; established in 1918 |
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Definition
| French marshal that headed the newly organized joint command; led the stopping of the Germans at Chateau-Thierry, St. Mihiel, and the Argonne Forest |
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Definition
| Woodrow Wilson (USA), David Lloyd George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France), and Vittorio Orlando (Italy); leaders of the most powerful Allies that dominated the Paris Peace Conference |
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Definition
| centralized governments that allowed no opposition and held total control |
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Definition
| - A series of steel and concrete French fortifications along the borders of Germany and Luxembourg that stretched 200 miles |
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Definition
| A number of treaties signed in 1925 guaranteeing existing Franco-German boundaries and negotiating other outstanding issues (Reps. From Great Britain, France, Germany, Belium, Italy, Czechoslovakia, and Poland) |
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Definition
| Left-wing coalition government of France in the late 1930s |
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Definition
| Governmental doctrine that relies on dictatorial rule and a totalitarian regime, in which the state maintains rigid control of the people through force and censorship |
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Definition
| - Book written by Adolf Hitler in the 1920s expressing the spirit of the Nazi movement |
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Definition
| Adolf Hitler’s name for his regime |
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Definition
| Allaince formed in 1936 between Germany and Italy |
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Definition
| Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; name given to Russia in 1922 |
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Definition
| The Political Bureau of the Communist Party; the small committee that held most of the power in the Soviet Union |
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Definition
| Communist International, organized to spread revolution throughout the world |
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Definition
| German-speaking former Austrians that now live in Czechoslovakia |
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Definition
| Fascists; known as this because of the shirt they wore as a uniform |
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Definition
| Nazis’ private army, or storm troopers |
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Term
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Definition
| for Mussolini after being made “head of the government”; Italian for “the leader” |
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Definition
| Title for Hitler; German for “the leader” |
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Definition
| Hitler’s secret police; gave them wide-ranging power to enforce the policies of Hitler |
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o Contender for the successor of Lenin in 1924 against Stalin
o Talented part organizer, and created the Red Army that defended the Bolshevik Revolution
o Followed strict Marxist belief that revolution should take place all over the world
o After Stalin emerged as the leader, Trotsky went into exile and was soon murdered in Mexico, from Stalin’s orders |
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o Founds the Fascist Party in 1919
o Gained power in the depression of Italy (war casualties, debt, unemployment, inflation); got the support of the respectable and the wealthy against Communism
o His Fascist Blackshirts intimidated many; marched on Rome in October 1922
Dominant in Parliament
o Declared Il Duce, responsible to no one in 1925
o Clearly showed his dictatorship when he banned opposing parties, suspended individual rights, took control of labor unions, and initiated a secret police
o Headed the General Council of the Fascist Party
o Initiated a new form of government known as a corporation (representation was according to occupation); turned Italy into a corporate state
Economy organized into 22 corporations; representatives of government, management, and labor met to establish wages, prices, and working conditions among their corporation; private ownership and profit were allowed; strengthened the army and the navy in order to strengthen the military and reduce unemployment |
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o Born in Austria in 1889; ex-soldier who became one of 1st Nazi recruits; gone to Vienna as a young man to become an artist but failed (here he became resentful of the Jews because they took respectable positions and contributed to cultural life)
o Joined the German Workers Party and took over in 1921
o Took part in an uprising (Beer Hall Putsch) in Munich in 1923 and was imprisoned
Wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle), expressed the spirit of the Nazi movement; “from present restricted living space to new land and soil.”
o Possessed hypnotic talent as an orator and appealed to the frustrated patriotism of Germans
Reverse the Versailles humiliation, “war-guilt” clause; restore Germany in arms and regain lost territories for a “Greater Germany”; promised to stop Communism; spoke of Aryan supremacy
o Appointed chancellor by Paul von Hindenburg (President of the republic that Hitler lost to in the 1932 Presidential Election)
o Used the power given to him from the Reichstag fire to make himself dictator
o Took the title der Fuhrer, “the leader”; turned Germany into a police state and banned all opposing groups to his dictatorship and initiated the Gestapo (his secret police)
o Persecuted/imprisoned the Jews (particular targets), Liberals, clergy, and Communists
Jews forced to live in ghettos and wear the Star of David (Kritallnacht)
o Third Reich (empire)- His regime that he promised would last 1000 years; promised to restore the glories of Germany’s past and bring Germany to a full economic recovery
o Defied Versailles Treaty by secretly re-arming (1935) and militarized the Rhineland (1936)
o Signed Rome-Berlin Axis with Mussolini in 1936 |
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o General secretary of the Bolsheviks; fought for leadership with Trotsky and succeeded
o Ended Lenin’s New Economic Policy (NEP), allowed free enterprise. Goal- To make the planned economy a permanent feature in the Soviet Union
o First Five-Year Plan (1928)
Set agricultural, industrial, and social goals for the next 5 years (1928)
Use the resources of the Soviet Union to make Russia a modern, industrialized society
Expansion of heavy industry at the expense of producing consumer goods
Collective farming was required (didn’t do well); collectivism was mandated, then failed with famine and many deaths; turned 90% of productive farmland into collective farms
o Dictatorship- Conformed without dissent or prison |
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