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| Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia-the main powers that had defeated Napoleon and would reshape Europe after hs defeat iat Waterloo in 1815 |
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| 1815 meeting of European powers to discuss the post-Napolean order in Europe |
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| Austrian foreign minister who led the congress of Vienna |
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| Metternich's term for the need to restore the legitmite monarchs of Europe who'd been replaced by Naploleon |
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| A guiding principle at the Congress of Vienna whereby no single nation could dominate Europe as France had under Napoleon |
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| A league of German states which replaced Napoleon’s Confederation of the Rhine |
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| An ideology that valued the past as a guide for the future and was suspicious of sudden or revolutionary change |
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| British author of Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) which first articulated the ideology of conservatism |
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| French conservative who believed kings had divine right to be autocrats |
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| Coalition of Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, Austria and, later, France, determined to keep Europe conservative and stem the revolutionary tide which had been sweeping through Europe since the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789 |
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| Meeting in 1820 of the Concert of Europe to quell revolutions in Italy and Spain against the restoration of Habsburg monarchs by the Congress of Vienna |
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| Principle of Intervention |
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| Articulated by Metternich at Troppau it asserted that the great powers of Europe had the right to send armies into countries to restore “legitimate” monarchs. Britain rejected it and began to separate from the Concert of Europe |
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| Latin American fighter for independence from Spain. He was called “the Liberator” and helped to free Columbia in 1819 and Venezuela in 1821 from Spain |
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| Latin freedom fighter who helped free Chile in 1817 and Peru in 1821 from Spain |
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| 1823 declaration by US president Monroe warning the Concert of Europe that the US would regard any attempt to return the newly independent states of Latin America to Spain or Portugal as an act of war against the US |
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| 1821-1830 successful revolt against the Ottoman Turks who had controlled Greece for 400 years. The Greeks were aided by the British, French and Russians who, although generally opposed to revolutions, loved the idea of hurting the Ottoman Empire |
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| 1829 treaty between Russia and Ottoman Empire which gave Russia Moldavia and Wallachia in SE Europe |
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| Political faction (or party) in Britian’s parliament controlled by landed aristocrats who feared changes that might weaken their power |
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| Political faction (or party) in Britain’s parliament much more sympathetic to new industrial classes and in favor of changes that might expand the industrial class’s influence |
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| A high tariff on imported grain supported by the Tories who wanted to protect the landowners from foreign competition |
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| French Bourbon king restored to the throne by the Concert of Europe |
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| 1819 demonstration against high grain prices due to the Corn Law of 1815 that resulted in the death of 11 |
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| Conservatives in France opposed to Louis XVIII’s willingness to keep some of Napoleon’s reforms. They wanted France to go back to the days when the landed aristocracy and the Catholic Church were powerful |
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| Conservative brother of Louis XVIII who succeeded him in 1824 |
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| Ministerial Responsibility |
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| Principle whereby government ministers are responsible to the legislature, not the monarch |
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| Secret societies in Italy dedicated to Italian nationalism and liberalism |
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| Habsburg king of Spain, nearly toppled by revolution but saved by the Concert of Europe in 1823 |
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| Collection of 38 independent states in what had been called the Holy Roman Empire created by the Vienna settlement in 1815. Austria and Prussia were the two most powerful. |
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| University student groups that met from 1817-1819 dedicated to forming a united, liberal Germany but barred by conservative Metternich by the Karlsbad Decrees of 1819 who feared their revolutionary ideas |
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| Russian leader who, with his liberal advisor Speransky, made modest liberal reforms but became reactionary after the Napoleonic Age and became conservative |
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| Liberal Russian aristocrats opposed to Alexander I’s conservatism who wanted to make Russia a constitutional monarchy |
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| December, 1825 failed attempt by military officers in the Northern Union to keep conservative Nicholas I from ascending to the throne. Its leaders were promptly executed by Nicholas I who became a reactionary |
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| Tsar Nicholas I’s secret police used to root out liberals and revolutionaries from 1825-1855 |
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| Conservative Tsar from 1825-1855 who was dubbed “The Policeman of Europe” for his help in putting down liberal activities throughout Europe |
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| A.k.a. classical economics it asserted that the state should not interfere with the free play of economic forces, especially supply and demand. In other words government should not restrict the economic liberty of the people. |
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| Political ideology that grew out of the Industrial Revolution and as a reaction to the conservatives who took over after Napoleon which asserted that governments should restrain people as little as possible and respect their right to participate in political affairs |
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| French term meaning “Leave Alone”. It was used to express the belief of economic liberalism (a.k.a.classical economics) |
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| British economist whose book Essay on the Principles of Population asserted that populations tend to increase faster than food supplies and therefore misery is inevitable |
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| British economist whose book Principles of Political Economy (1817) asserted that the “iron law of wages” made it wrong to increase wages since that led to overpopulation and misery |
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| A pro-business philosophy that embraced laissez-faire as well as basic civil liberties like freedom of speech and limited suffrage (i.e. for themselves but not the working class) |
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| British political liberal and author of On Liberty (1859) who expanded idea of liberalism to include women in his essay On the Subjugation of Women (1867) |
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| An awareness of your national (i.e. political, state) identity |
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| Idea that “nations” should have their own “national” governments |
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| Idea that social equality should be goal of government (i.e. all should share in wealth, poverty should be eliminated, etc.) |
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| Idea that private property & capitalism were bad and society should evolve beyond them |
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| French socialist who proposed the construction of utopian socialist societies called phalansteries |
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| British cotton manufacturer who tried to create a utopian socialist society in New Harmony, Indiana |
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| French utopian socialist whose book The Organization of Work proposed that all manufacturing should be done in gov’t-run workshops without a profit motive |
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| Female utopian socialist and feminist whose book Worker’s Union (1843) proposed organizing both work and home on socialist basis |
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| 1830 French revolution in which conservative Charles X was replaced by moderate liberal Louis-Philippe, the duke of Orleans, as a constitutional monarch. It replaced the House of Bourbon with the House of Oleans. Known as the bourgeoisie monarch for his support of middle-class business interests. |
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| French legislature during the 1800s. |
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| Leader in the Chamber of Deputies of the Party of Movement which wanted more reforms under Louis-Philippe |
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| Leader in the Chamber of Deputies of the Resistance which didn’t want additional reforms under Louis-Philippe |
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| Called Austrian Netherlands and given to Dutch Republic at Congress of Vienna but achieved independence from Netherlands in 1830 |
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| British law passed by Whig-dominated Parliament which reapportioned seats in House of Commons to better represent the growing industrial areas and doubled the franchise |
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| 1834 law that tried to discourage poverty by putting paupers in workhouses |
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| 1838 organization formed by Cobden and Bright to repeal the Corn Laws |
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| Tory leader who helped repeal the Corn Laws in 1846 |
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| French Revolution on 1848 |
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| French king Louis-Philippe abdicates on Feb 24, 1848 and is replaced by radicals whose provisional gov’t opened Blanc-type workhouses but couldn’t pay for them. After rioting a more moderate gov’t ratified a new constitution making France a republic (the Second Republic) |
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| Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte who won the French presidential election of 1848. |
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| Theory that stressed the importance of economic equality and cooperation, not competition |
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| Socialists who tried to create socialist communities to serve as examples for the world |
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| French Utopian Socialist whose communities were called phalansteries |
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| English Utopian Socialists whose New Lanark community in Scotland & New Harmony community in the US failed |
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| French socialist who suggested in his book The Organization of Work that the gov’t should employ people in workshops |
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| Socialist author of Worker’s Union (1843) who hoped socialism could also revolutionize the family by making women equal |
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| Conservative Fr king Charles X dissolved the legislature and imposed censorship in 1830 to halt liberalism |
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| 1830 revolution in France that deposed conservative Charles X and put moderately liberal Louis-Philippe on the throne. It also marked the end of the Bourbon dynasty and the beginning of the Orleans dynasty |
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| The moderately liberal Bourgeois king of France who took over in 1830 from conservative Charles X during the July Revolution |
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| French legislature during Louis-Philippe’s reign (1830-1848) |
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| Legislators in the Chamber of Deputies in France led by Thiers who wanted more liberal reforms |
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| Legislators in the Chamber of Deputies in France led by Guizot who wanted no more liberal reforms |
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| Moderately Liberal Party in British Parliament |
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| 1832 moderately liberal, Whig-led reforms in Britain which redistributed the seats in the House of Commons & increased the franchise to include the middle class |
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| 1843 British law that made workhouses for poor people so miserable that people would find jobs |
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| Formed in 1838 & led by industrialists Cobden & Bright. It was dedicated to abolishing tariffs on imported grains (Corn Laws) that helped British landowners but kept food prices high which hurt consumers and businesses which had to raise wages. The Corn laws were finally repealed in 1846. |
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| French Revolution of 1848 |
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| Louis-Philippe tries to crack down on liberals in Feb 1848 but is overthrown. France declares itself the Second Republic and elects Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (Nap’s nephew) president |
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| Prussian king who granted some liberal reforms after the troubles in 1848 |
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| 1848 meeting of German nationalists to write a liberal constitution for a united Germany. It split into two camps: Big (include Austrian Germans) & Little (don’t include Austrian Germans) Germans. The Little Germans won but Prussian king Fred Wil IV refused their offer because he wanted to unite Germany on his own terms. |
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| Hungarian nationalist leader in Austria who led a rebellion to achieve independence from Austria which was crushed by Austria with Russia’s help in 1848-49 |
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| Italian Nationalist movement |
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| Italian nationalist and author of the The Duties of Man who took over the risorgimento in 1831 |
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| Italian nationalist group founded in 1831 by Mazzini |
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| Liberal king of the Italian region of Piedmont who hoped to unify Italy |
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| Parisian police force created in 1829 |
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| British police force created by Sir Robert (Bobbies-Get it?) Peel in 1829 |
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| Prussian police force created in 1848 |
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| Intellectual movement of the 1800s which emphasized individual feelings rather than science and the “universal man” as the Enlightenment of the 1700s had |
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| German author of The Sorrows of the Young Werther, one of the first romantic novels |
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| Branch of romantic literature epitomized by books like Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein which emphasized bizarre themes |
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| British romantic poet whose Prometheus Unbound celebrated individualism |
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| British romantic poet & idealist who died helping Greece achieve its independence from the Ottomans |
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| British romantic poet who emphasized the mystical beauty of nature |
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| French romantic author of Genius of Christianity (1802) which was called the “Bible of Romanticism” |
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| Literally "the politics of reality", in practice the politics of deviousness |
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| French president (1848-1852) & Emperor Napoleon III (1852-1870) who was defeated by Prussia in 1871 and fled to England where he died in 1873 |
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| Napoleon III’s gov’t after becoming Emperor (1852-1870) |
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| Napoleon III’s aid who helped to redesign Paris |
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| Archduke Maximilian of Austria |
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| Made Emperor of Mexico in 1864 by Napoleon III who wanted to dominate Mexico. He was defeated by liberal Mexican forces on May 5, 1867 (Cinco de Mayo) and executed. |
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| Muslim empire with its capital in Istanbul, it had become “the sick man of Europe” by the 1800s |
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| Peninsula in the Black Sea |
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| 1853-1856. Russia tries to occupy areas vacated by Ottoman Empire but Br, Fr & Otts prevent it |
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| Major Russian defeat in Crimean War in 1855 |
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| Became Tsar of Russia after Alexander I’s death in 1855 |
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| British nurse during the Crimean War |
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| Aka Piedmont-Sardinia. N Italian state that eventually unified Italy in 1861 |
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| King of Piedmont (until 1849) |
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| King of Piedmont (1849-1878) who eventually unified Italy |
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| Victor Emmanuel’s prime minister after 1852 who was the architect of Italian unification |
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| Victories by the Italians & French over the Austrians in 1859 |
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| Italian nationalist whose Red Shirts unified southern Italy then “gave” it to Piedmont in 1860 |
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| Created in 1871 with King Victor Emmanuel II in charge |
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| A “German” customs (i.e.tariff) union created by Prussia in 1834 to unite “Germany” economically |
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| Aka Kaiser Wilhelm I. Prussian king (1861-1888) who would become the King of Germany in 1871 |
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| Prussian “realpolitik” chancellor (1862-1890) and architect of German unification in 1871 |
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| 1864. war in which Prussia & Austria defeated Denmark after it seized the “German” areas of Schleswig and Holstein. |
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| 1866. Bismarck goads Austria into a war over Schleswig and Holstein in order to replace Austria as the main power in N Germany |
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| North German Confederation |
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| Prussian-dominated union created by Bismarck after the Austro-Prussian War |
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| Bismarck-altered telegram which goaded France into declaring with v. Prussia over Prussia’s suggestion that Leopold (a Hohenzollern) be placed on throne of Spain in 1870 |
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| 1870-1871. Prussia defeats France, Napoleon III is captured, and the Second French Empire collapses |
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| Created in 1871 when Prussian king William I is made Kaiser (Emperor) William (Wilhelm) I |
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| Austrian minister who centralized authority after the 1848-49 revolutions |
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| Aka compromise of 1867 when Austria granted limited independence to Hungary thus creating the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary (aka Austro-Hungarian Empire) |
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| Tsar of Russian from 1855-1881, he liberalized Russia by granting limited local autonomy (zemstvos), reforming the laws, and emancipating the serfs (in 1861) but was assassinated by radicals in 1881 |
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| Radical Russian writer whose slogan “Land and Freedom” appealed to many liberal reformers who founded the movement called Populism |
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| Radical Russian organization that assassinated Tsar Alexander II in 1881 |
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| Radical Russian writer whose slogan “Land and Freedom” appealed to many liberal reformers who founded the movement called Populism |
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| aka Henry John Temple. Whig PM of England (1855-1865) who resisted extending the franchise |
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| New name for the Whig party which began being used around 1860 |
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| New name for the Tory party which began being used around 1860 |
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| British conservative leader from the 1860s-1881 |
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| 1867 British law that doubled the franchise and is regarded as the high point of British liberalism |
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| First Liberal PM of Britain (1868-1874) who made many liberal reforms including civil service exams to eliminate patronage, the secret ballot, and the elimination of purchasing military commissions |
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| Technical term for urban industrial working class |
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| Radical author (w/ Engles) of The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital which outlined his belief in a post-capitalist society that would eventually emerge. This post-capitalist order was called communism |
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| Radical British author of The Conditions of the Working Class (1844) who also wrote with Marx |
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| 1840s organization devoted to destroying capitalism and bringing about communism |
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| German philosopher Hegel’s idea that all change in history is the result of conflicts between opposing ideas |
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| Central theme in Communist Manifesto that the working and owning classes are in opposition |
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| International Working Men's Association |
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| Aka The First International. It was formed in 1864 to help bring about the Communist Revolution. Marx was leading member but it fell apart in 1872 |
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| French chemist & creator of the germ theory who also created the process of destroying bad organisms in food called Pasteurization |
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| Russian chemist of the 1860s who created the periodic table |
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| English scientist who laid foundation for use of electricity |
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| The idea that everything is ultimately about physical (i.e. material) forces—not mystical forces |
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| British author of On The Origin of Species (1859) & The Descent of Man (1871) which put forth the theory of evolution and natural selection (i.e. “survival of the fittest”) |
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| British doctor who developed the antiseptic principle |
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| French scientist whose System of Positive Philosophy created the field of sociology |
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| Artistic movement of the 1800s that rejected Romantic heroes and embraced ordinary characters from life |
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| French realist novelist & author of Madame Bovary (1857) |
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| British realist novelist & author of Vanity Fair (1848) |
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| Most famous British realist novelist |
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| Post-Romantic school of musical composition which used music to depict literary or pictorial ideas |
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