Term
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Definition
| refers to all aspects of writing (spelling, punctuation, spacing, special textual features) |
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Term
| How is language variable? |
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Definition
-Pragmatics
-Deep vs. shallow orthography
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Term
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Definition
| Using different modes of language in different circumstances ("yo" vs. "good evening") |
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Term
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Definition
-The meaning behind the words of a sentence
-Visiting linguists can be boring |
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Term
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Definition
| The order of words in a sentence, divorced of context. |
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Term
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Definition
-All learning is a response to stimulus (imiation, modelling, repetition, reinforcement)
-Audiolingual method |
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Term
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Definition
-Taught students oral proficiency in a 2L
-Based on phonetic comparison
-Behaviorist |
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Term
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Definition
-Universal grammar
-Monitor model |
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Term
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Definition
-We all have a biological structure in the brain that allows us to comprehend grammar
-ex. Teacher gives input & relies on students' natural ability to figure it out |
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Term
| Tenets of sociocultural perspective |
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Definition
-Language won't be developed w/o a social need
-Being motivated to communicate for a given purpose is at the heart of LL |
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Term
| Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) |
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Definition
Implies that a child's development is determined by social interaction & collaboration
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Term
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Definition
-The formula for optimal learning, where "i" represents current level of knowledge and "+1" represents a stretching of input
-Provides learning w/ support
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Term
| Difference between ZPD & i+1 |
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Definition
-ZPD represents an ideal location where a child can most effectively learn
-i+1 represents input that most effectively teaches a child |
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Term
| How is language learning systematic? |
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Definition
-Learning order is present across languages (babble, syllables, one-word objects, etc.)
-2L also acquired in a natural order (statements before questions; positives before negatives) |
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Term
| How is L1 and L2 acquisition similar? |
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Definition
-Natural order
-Need to learn vocabulary
-Mimicry
-Overgeneralization of rules |
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Term
| How are L1 & L2 acquisition different? |
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Definition
-L1 is acquired, L2 is learned
-L1 is younger age, L2 older
-L1 comprehensible input, L2 not always there
-L1 no language sructure in place yet, L2 lang. structure already in place |
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Term
| How is language learning variable? |
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Definition
-Vocab is learned depending upon exposure
-When language is taught, it does not mirror order of acquisition
-Final goal (communicative competence) depends on learner's desires
-Differences between 1st & 2nd language learning regarding cognitive maturity |
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Term
| Language development stages |
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Definition
-Pre-production
-Early production
-Speech emergence
-Intermediate fluency |
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Term
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Definition
-Points to or provides other non-verbal responses
-Actively listens
-Responds to commands
-May be reluctant to speak
-Understands more than can produce |
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Term
| Early production behaviors |
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Definition
-One or two word utterances
-Short phrases |
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Term
| Speech emergence behaviors |
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Definition
-Participates in small group activities
-Demonstrates comprehenstion in a variety of ways
-Speaks in short phrases and sentences
-Begins to use language more freely |
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Term
| Intermediate fluency behaviors |
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Definition
-Participates in reading and writing activities to acquire new information
-May experience difficulties in abstract, cognitively demanding subjects at school, especially when a high degree of literacy is required |
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Term
| What is difficult about English for ELLs? |
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Definition
-Vowels in English are relatively large in terms of differences
-Some consonant clusters might be difficult
-Different perceptual units when reading (English-letters/Japanese-syllables)
-Very complex spelling system w/ a lot of exceptions |
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Term
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Definition
| One who uses knowledge of grammar to teach (teaching the rules of grammar) |
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Term
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Definition
| The description of the rules of grammar w/ a neutral POV |
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Term
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Definition
| The suggestion of rules for grammar |
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Term
| Critical period hypothesis |
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Definition
| Concept that animals acquire certain knowledges & skills in a genetically programmed sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| Patterns of speech that mothers employ when speaking to their children |
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Term
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Definition
| Language acquisition is built through links between words/phrases & he environments/situations they occur in |
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Term
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Definition
-The loss of one language on the way to learning another (children of immigrants)
-Solution: additive bilingualism (maintaining original) |
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Term
| Foreigner talk/Teacher talk |
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Definition
| Adjusted syle of speech directed at 2LL |
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Term
| Contrastive analysis hypothesis |
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Definition
| Incorrect behaviorist model states if similar language to 1st is learned, difficulties will be in differences |
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Term
| Innatist perspective on 2LL |
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Definition
| UG plays some sort of role in lang. dev. as simple input is not enough |
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Term
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Definition
-Acquisition
-Monitor hypothesis
-Natural order hypothesis
-Input hypothesis
-Affective filter hypothesis |
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Term
| Krashen's model--Monitor hypothesis |
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Definition
| learned language has a monitor to refine output, which only works when speaker has plenty of time |
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Term
| Krashen's model--Natural order hypothesis |
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Definition
| 2LL unfolds in predictable order |
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Term
| Krashen's model--Input hypothesis |
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Definition
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Term
| Krashen's model--Affective filter hypothesis |
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Definition
| Feelings/stress that block lang. dev. even when input is ideal |
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Term
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Definition
| A sudden "pulling together" of knowledge to appear to demonstrate a sudden burst of proficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| Nothing is learned unless it is noticed |
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Term
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Definition
-Word recognition
-Sociolinguistic |
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Term
| Word recognition view of reading |
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Definition
| Main task of reading is identifying words |
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Term
| Sociolinguistic view of reading |
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Definition
| readers use background knowledge & cues to make sense of texts |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Traditional view of writing |
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Definition
| Emphasis on final result--is it correct? |
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Term
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Definition
-Emphasis on act of writing itself
-Correctness comes later |
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Term
| Critical period hypothesis |
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Definition
| -Language is best learned before a certain age (neuro, cognitive, & affective factors) |
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Term
| Critical period hypothesis--neurological factor |
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Definition
| Lateralization (specialization) of brain |
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Term
| Critical period hypothesis--Cognitive factor |
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Definition
| When more abstract thought is possible, acquisition becomes harder |
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Term
| Critical period hypothesis--Affective factors |
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Definition
-Nervousness
-Language ego |
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Term
| Using the monitor--requirements |
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Definition
-Performer must have enough time
-Must be thinking about correctness/form
-Must know the necessary rule(s) |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of sounds used by speakers of a language |
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Term
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Definition
| Phonemes change the meanings of words; phonics do not |
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Term
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Definition
| A combination of visual & aural cues that readers use to construct meaning from written texts |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to distinguish larger units of speech such as words & syllables |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to identify phonemes in a word & manipulate them by adding, deleting, or substituting phonemes |
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Term
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Definition
| Variations of a phoneme that do not change meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| Deals w/ restrictions of permissible combinations of phonemes |
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Term
| Phonics methods--synthetic |
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Definition
| Convert letters to sounds and blend sounds to form words |
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Term
| Phonics methods--analytic |
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Definition
| Analyze letter-sound correspondences in known words |
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Term
| Phonics methods--Analogy-based |
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Definition
| Use knowledge of word families to pronounce new words |
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Term
| Phonics methods--Spelling |
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Definition
| Segment words into phonemes and then write words with the sounds |
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Term
| Phonics methods--Embedded |
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Definition
| Learn letter-sound correspondences in the process of reading |
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Term
| Phonics methods--Onset-rime |
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Definition
| Connecs sounds of onsets and rimes to the letters used to spell them |
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