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Definition
| A type of lava flow that has a jagged, blocky surface |
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Definition
| A large wedge-shaped mass of sediment that accumulates in subduction zones. |
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| Active continental margin |
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Definition
| Occur where oceanic lithosphere is being subducted beneath the margin of a continent. |
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| Andesite, Andesitic composition |
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Definition
| The composition of igneous rocks lying between felsic and mafic |
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Definition
| A fold in sedimentary strata resembling an arch |
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Definition
| A fine grained igneous rock of mafic composition |
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Definition
| A compositional group of igneous rocks indicating that the rock contains substantial dark silicate minerals and calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar |
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Definition
| A circular downfolded structure |
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Definition
| A large mass of igneous rock that formed when magma was emplaced at depth, crystallized, and subsequently exposed by erosion |
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Definition
| The relationships between magma and the minerals crystallizing from it during the formation of igneous rocks |
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Definition
| Deformation that involves the fracturing of rock. Associated with rocks near the surface. |
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Definition
| A large depression typically caused by collapse or ejection of the summit area of a volcano. |
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Definition
| A small volcano built primarily of pyroclastics ejected from a single vent |
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Definition
| The tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding |
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Definition
| A pattern of cracks that form during cooling of molten rock to generate columns that are generally six-sided |
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Definition
| A volcano composed of both lava flows and pyroclastic material |
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Definition
| Mountains formed in part by igneous activity associated with the subduction of oceanic lithosphere beneath a continent |
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Definition
| The depression at the summit of a volcano, or that which is produced by a meteorite impact. |
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Definition
| The very thin outermost layer of Earth |
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Definition
| An orderly arrangement of atoms |
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Definition
| During the crystallization of magma, the earlier-formed minerals are denser than the liquid portion and settle to the bottom of the magma chamber |
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Term
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Definition
| The formation and growth of a crystalline solid from a liquid or gas |
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Definition
| Melting that occurs as rock ascends due to a drop in confining pressure. |
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Definition
| General term for the processes of folding, faulting, shearing, compression, or extension of rocks as the result of various natural forces |
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Definition
| A tabular-shaped intrusive igneous feature that cuts through the surrounding rock |
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Definition
| A fault in which the movement is parallel to the dip of the fault |
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Definition
| A roughly circular upfolded structure similar to an anticline |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of solid state flow that produces a change in the size and shape of a rock body without fracturing. Beneath Surface |
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Definition
| A negatively charged subatomic particle that has a negligible mass and is found outside an atom’s nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical or physical means |
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Definition
| break in a rock mass along which movement has occurred |
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Definition
| A cliff created by movement along a fault |
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Definition
| A mountain formed by the displacement of rock along a fault |
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Definition
| The group of igneous rocks composed primarily of feldspar and quartz |
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Term
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Definition
| A texture of igneous rocks in which the crystals are too small for individual minerals to be distinguished w/ the unaided eye. |
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Definition
| An eruption in which lava is extruded from narrow fractures or cracks in the crust. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flows of basaltic lava that issue from numerous cracks or fissures and commonly cover extensive areas to thicknesses of hundreds of meters |
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Definition
| A bent rock layer or series of layers that were originally horizontal and subsequently deformed |
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Definition
| Any break or rupture in rock along which no appreciable movement has taken place. |
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Definition
| The gradual increase in temperature with depth in the crust |
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Definition
| Certain igneous rock, such as obsidian, that contain no crystals |
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Definition
| A valley formed by the downward displacement of a fault-bounded block |
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Term
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Definition
| A compositional group of igneous rocks that indicates a rock is composed almost entirely of light-colored silicates |
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Definition
| The resistance a mineral offers to scratching |
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Definition
| An elongated, uplifted block of crust bounded by faults |
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Definition
| A rock formed by the crystallization of molten magma |
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Definition
| The composition of igneous rocks lying between felsic and mafic. |
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Definition
| Igneous rock that formed below earth’s surface |
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Term
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Definition
| An atom or molecule that possesses an electrical charged |
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Definition
| A chain of volcanic islands generally located a few hundred kilometers from a trench where active subduction of one oceanic slab beneath another is occurring |
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Term
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Definition
| The concept that earth’s crust is floating in gravitational balance upon the material of the mantle |
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Term
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Definition
| A fracture in rock along which there has been no movement |
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Term
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Definition
| A massive igneous body intruded between preexisting strata |
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Term
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Definition
| Mudflows on the slopes of volcanoes that result when unstable layers of ash and debris become saturated and flow down slope, usually following stream channels |
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Term
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Definition
| Magma that reaches earth’s surface |
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Term
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Definition
| The rigid outer layer of Earth, including the crust and upper mantle |
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Term
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Definition
| The appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral |
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Term
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Definition
| Igneous rocks with low silica content and a high iron-magnesium content |
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Term
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Definition
| A body of molten rock found at depth, including any dissolved gases and crystals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thick layer of Earth located below the crust |
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Term
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Definition
| A mass of hotter-than-normal mantle material that ascends toward the surface, where it may lead to igneous activity |
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Term
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Definition
| A naturally occurring, inorganic crystalline material with a unique chemical composition. |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of 10 minerals used as a standard in determining hardness |
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Term
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Definition
| A one-limbed flexure in strata |
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Term
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Definition
| A subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom |
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Term
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Definition
| A fault in which the rock above the fault plane has moved down relative to the rock below |
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Term
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Definition
| The small heavy core of an atom that contains all of its positive charge and most of its mass |
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Term
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Definition
| The processes that collectively result in the formation of mountains |
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Definition
| A lava flow with smooth-to-ropey surface |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which most igneous rocks melt |
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Term
| Passive continental margin |
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Definition
| Margins that consist of a continental shelf, continental slope, and continental rise. |
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Term
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Definition
| A structure that results from the emplacement and crystallization of magma beneath the surface of Earth |
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Term
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Definition
| Large crystals embedded in a matrix of much smaller crystals |
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Term
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Definition
| A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom |
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Term
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Definition
| A highly heated mixture, largely of ash and pumice fragments, traveling down the flanks of a volcano or along the surface of the ground |
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Term
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Definition
| The volcanic rock ejected during an eruption, including ash, bombs, and blocks |
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Term
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Definition
| A fault in which the material above the fault plane moves up in relation to the material below. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fault in which the material above the fault plane moves up in relation to the material below. |
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Term
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Definition
| A consolidated mixture of minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| A model that illustrates the origin of the three basic rock types and the interrelatedness |
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Term
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Definition
| Hardened lava that has retained the vesicles produced by escaping gases |
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Term
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Definition
| A broad, gently sloping volcano built from fluid basaltic lavas |
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Term
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Definition
| Any one of numerous minerals that have the oxygen and silicon tetrahedron as their basic structure |
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Term
| Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron |
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Definition
| A structure composed of four oxygen atoms surrounding a silicon atom that constitutes the basic building block of silicate minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| A tabular igneous body that was intruded parallel to the layering of preexisting rock |
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Term
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Definition
| The ratio of a substance’s weight to the weight of an equal volume of water. |
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Term
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Definition
| A volcano composed of both lava flows and pyroclastic material |
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Term
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Definition
| The color of a mineral in powdered form |
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Term
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Definition
| A fault along which the movement is horizontal |
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Term
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Definition
| A linear down fold in sedimentary strata |
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Term
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Definition
| A crustal block bounded by faults, whose geologic history is distinct from the histories of adjoining crustal blocks |
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Term
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Definition
| The size, shape, and distribution of the particles that collectively constitute a rock. |
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Term
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Definition
| A low angle reverse fault |
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Term
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Definition
| A major strike-slip fault that cuts through the lithosphere and accommodates motion between two plates |
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Term
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Definition
| Mainly of iron and magnesium-rich minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| A mineral filling a fracture or fault in a host rock |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow |
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Term
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Definition
| Gaseous components of magma dissolved in the melt |
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Term
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Definition
| A chain of volcanic islands generally located a few hundred kilometers from a trench where active subduction of one oceanic slab beneath another is occurring. |
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Term
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Definition
| An isolated, steep-sided, erosional remnant consisting of lava that once occupied the vent of a volcano |
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Term
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Definition
| A mountain formed of lava and/or pyroclastics |
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