Term
| What is the chemical in groundwater that creates most limestone caverns? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for chemical weathering? Mechanical weathering? |
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Definition
| Decomposition and Disintegration. |
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Term
| What is exfoliation in feldspar? What type of weathering is this? |
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Definition
| Water gets into feldspar's cleavage planes, causing it to peel or break away. Mechanical weathering. |
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Term
| What are the 5 thermal water features? |
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Definition
| Geysers, hot springs, mud volcanoes, fumaroles, hot pools. |
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Term
| What are the 5 erosional agents? What is behind almost all erosion? |
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Definition
Running water, wind, glaciers, waves, current.
Gravity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The breakdown and transportation of rocks. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What breaks down calcite? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Microbes that thrive in places impossible to live in. |
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Term
| Where is limestone dissolved in water eventually deposited? |
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Definition
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Term
| What rocks are most affected by mechanical weathering? |
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Definition
| Feldspar, sedimentary rocks, soft minerals. |
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Term
| What rocks are most affected by chemcial weathering? |
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Definition
| Ones that go through mechanical processes easily. Ex. calcite |
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Term
| Identify 3 factors that control the rate at which a rock weathers. |
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Definition
| Compostion, hardness, surface area. |
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Term
| What factor determines the durability of sedimentary rocks? |
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Definition
| Durability of the cement. |
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Term
| What is the most durable sedimentary cement? |
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Definition
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Term
| What rock is most resistant to weathering? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the water table steadily dropping in some areas? |
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Definition
| There is more output than input. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hot spring with bubbling mud. The termofyles that live in it make it very colorful so it is called a paintpot. |
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Term
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Definition
| An opening in the crust that emits steam and gases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused when surface water seeps into the ground where it is heated by magma and then rises back to the surface b/c of convection. |
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Term
| What factors determine the amount and kind of mineral matter is dissolved in groundwater? |
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Definition
| The kind of though which water passes, the distance the water travels underground, and the water temperature. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hard water is water high in mineral content. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed when hard water drips off the ceiling, each time leaving a little amount of minearl behind, causing a spike(like an icicle) to grow off the ceiling. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed when hard water drips off the ceiling onto the floor, each time leaving some mineral on the floor. This eventually forms a spike or mound on the floor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anything formed in a cave. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical rock formed from being a natural precipitate of carbonate materials. Sometimes forms from calcite deposited in mineral springs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A rock formed from hot springs or geysers that deposit minerals a little at a time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed when hard water deposited minerals in the plant cells of a log and as some of its components decay away, a stone mold forms in its palce. |
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Term
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Definition
| A rock layer which will not permit the passage of water. |
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Term
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Definition
| The break up of rock due to exposure to the atmosphere. |
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Term
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Definition
| B/c of the difference between conditions at depth and conditions at Earth's surface. |
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Term
| What is mechanical weathering? |
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Definition
| Break down of rock that occurs when rock is split or broken into smaller pieces of the same material w/o changing the composition. |
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Term
| What is chemical weathering? |
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Definition
| Break down of rock that occurs when the rock's minerals are changed into different substances. |
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Term
| What is ice wedging?What is another name for it? |
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Definition
| When water gets into cracks, freezes and enlarges the cracks. Frost action. |
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Term
| Name some common mechanical weathering processes. |
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Definition
| Ice wedginf, wetting and drying, action of plants and animals, loss of overlying rock and soil. |
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Term
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Definition
| Happens when water in ground freezes and lifts pavement up. When ice thaws, the pavement collapses. |
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Term
| How does wetting and drying weather the land? |
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Definition
| Constant swelling and shrinking causes rocks that contain claylike minerals and rocks to break apart. |
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Term
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Definition
| Long curved breaks in granite caused by upward expansion. |
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Term
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Definition
| The chemical reaction of water with other substances. |
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Term
| What is spheroidal weathering? |
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Definition
| Chemical weathering that targets the corners and edges of a rock and rounds them off. |
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Term
| In what climate do igneous rocks weather faster? |
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Definition
| Wet climates because they often have many cracks. |
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Term
| Marbles and limestone are fairly resistant to _______ __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Limestones are very durable in _______ climates. |
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Definition
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Term
| What factors affect the rate at which rock weathers? |
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Definition
| The rock itself, amount of suface area exposed, climate. |
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Term
| What causes a rock to weather faster? |
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Definition
| Breaking it into smaller pieces and increasing the surface area. |
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Term
| What climate favors chemical weathering? Mechanical weathering? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The percentage of a material's volume that is pore space. |
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Term
| What factors do porosity depend upon? |
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Definition
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Term
| What particle shape increases porosity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does cement do to porosity? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The rate at which water or other liquids pass through the pore spaces of a rock. |
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Term
| What does impermeable mean? |
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Definition
| Water cannot pass through. |
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Term
| A material can be porous and impermeable. Give an example and say why it is. |
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Definition
| Pumice b/c none of its pores are connected. |
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Term
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Definition
| Film of water that sticks to particles and does not pass through like the rest of the water. |
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Term
| What is the zone of saturation? |
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Definition
| The part of the ground where all pore spaces are filled. |
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Term
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Definition
| The surface of the zone of saturation. |
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Term
| What are the 3 parts of the zone of aeration? |
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Definition
| Capillary fringe(just above water table), A section that is always dry(except when it rains), a film of capillary water(just below surface). |
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Term
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Definition
| Permanently frozen layer of frozen ground. |
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Term
| Below 20 meters, how much warmer does it get? |
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Definition
| 1 degree Celcius for every 40 m. |
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Term
| Why do geysers erupt violently? |
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Definition
| Because part of their tube is blocked, creating more pressure, making a hot superheated water explosion. |
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Term
| What is a mineral spring? |
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Definition
| A spring containing so much dissolved mineral matter that it cannot be used for drinking or washing. |
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Term
| What are some factors that might attribute to the high mineral factor of a mineral spring? |
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Definition
| 1. The water passes through a very soluble rock 2. The water contains large amounts of gases that form acids when mixed with water 3. The water is very hot |
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Term
| Does groundwater always contain carbonic acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does carbonic acid form? |
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Definition
| When carbon dioxide in the air dissolves in falling rainwater. |
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Term
| What does dissloving the calcite in limestone do to its porosity? |
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Definition
| It either creates it or increases it. |
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Term
| When do ponds or lakes form? |
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Definition
| When a sinkhole is deep enough to meet the water table. |
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Term
| How does most rainwater enter the ground? |
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Definition
| Through sinkholes and fissures. |
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Term
| Why regions are said to have karst topography? |
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Definition
| If they have many sinks, sinkholes, ponds, lost rivers, and undergroung drainage. |
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Term
| Where does karst topography form? |
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Definition
| In areas with bedrock made out of calcite, dolomite, or other minerals that dissolve easily. |
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Term
| How much water is there on Earth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does evapotranspiration mean? |
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Definition
| It is just a combination of the words evaporation and transpiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| The water of the EArth's surface. Includes groundwater, running water, lakes, and oceans. |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of water from one part of the hydrosphere to another. |
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Term
| What is a sinkhole plain? |
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Definition
| A large area containing many sinkholes. |
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Term
| What is pre-karst development look like? |
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Definition
| Area is dominated by normal fluvial erosion as streams flow across the surface of the sandstone caprock. Caves have begun to form. |
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Term
| What happens in the early stage of karst development? |
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Definition
| much of upper limestone has been esposed by erosion of sandstone. In areas of exposed limestone there are sinkhole plains. Cave systems are forming. Some caverns have collapsed to form collapse sinks. |
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Term
| What are sinking streams? |
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Definition
| Suface strams flowing off the remaining sandstone areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caverns that have formed and collapsed. |
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Term
| What are solution valleys? |
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Definition
| Large depressions formed from the collapse of many sinkholes that were connected. |
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Term
| What happens during the middle stage of karst development? |
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Definition
| Most andstone has beens destroyed except for the tops of some hills. Solution valleys have formed and shapes of these valleys still reflect the the surcae drainage pattern that originally developed in the sandstone. |
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Term
| What happens in the late stage of karst development? |
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Definition
| Upper limestone unit almost completely gone. A new surface drainage system has begun to form on top of the shale aquiclude(impermeable rock). When streams erode through this shale, a new round of karst development will begin on the lower limestone unit. |
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