Term
|
Definition
| Synovial, Compound, Hinge/Ginglymus |
|
|
Term
| Which is simpler: Carpus or Tarsus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the horse or dog have a simple carpus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the bones of the carpus? |
|
Definition
| distal end of radio-unlar segment (radius); proximal row of carpal bones (radial-intermediate, ulnar carpals, ACB); distal row of carpal bones (1,2,3,4); proximal ends of metacarpal bones |
|
|
Term
| What are the movements of the carpus? |
|
Definition
| Flexion & Extension; some Abduction & Adduction |
|
|
Term
| What are the movements of the carpus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main jts of the carpus? What is formed btw the carpal bones of each row? |
|
Definition
| Antebrachiocarpal/Radiocarpal, Middle Carpal, Carpometacarpal; Intercarpal jts |
|
|
Term
| List the main jts of the carpus in order of descending mobility. |
|
Definition
| Antebrachiocarpal/Radiocarpal > Middle Carpal > Carpometacarpal |
|
|
Term
| Which carpal jts are connected/communicate? What is this a consideration for? |
|
Definition
| Middle carpal & Carpometacarpal jts; injecting & collecting fluid |
|
|
Term
| Describe the fibrous layer of the joint capsule of the carpus. |
|
Definition
| Common capsule (from radius proximally to metacarpal bones distally); attaches to composite bones as it passes over them; thickened on D & palmar surfaces |
|
|
Term
| The palmar part of the joint capsule of the carpus may be _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The palmar part of the joint capsule of the carpus is smooth & forms _____ (along w/ _____) for the DDF tendons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The palmar part of the joint capsule of the carpus extends at _____ or _____ end into the _____, attached to the DDF tendon. |
|
Definition
| Middle or Distal; Accessory lig. |
|
|
Term
| The accessory lig. of the carpus is a _____ lig. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The axis of rotation of the carpus is at the _____ aspect of the joint. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the maximum angle of extension of the carpus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The angle of flexion of the carpus can be as low as _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the palmar carpal lig? |
|
Definition
| Stabilize & prevent overextension of the joint |
|
|
Term
| Name the synovial sacs of the carpus. What do they correspond to? |
|
Definition
| Antebrachiocarpal, Middle Carpal, Carpometacarpal sacs; Main joints |
|
|
Term
| Which is the largest synovial sac of the carpus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the antebrachiocarpal sac include? |
|
Definition
| Jt formed by ACB & btw proximal intercarpal jts |
|
|
Term
| Which 2 synovial sacs of the carpus communicate? |
|
Definition
| Middle Carpal & Carpometacarpal Sac |
|
|
Term
| Where is the middle carpal sac? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Comment on the size of the Carpometacarpal sac. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the ligg. of the carpus. |
|
Definition
| M & L Collateral; Prox, Middle, Dist ACB ligg; + a # of short ligg. uniting adjacent CBs |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the M & L Collateral ligg. of the carpus? |
|
Definition
| Unite bones of carpus on each side; Limit mvmt to ext. & flex. |
|
|
Term
| The carpus jt. is more easily accessed when the jt. is ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the collateral ligg. of the carpus. |
|
Definition
| Long, Extend btw radius & metacarpal bb. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the ACB ligg? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ACB ligg. are located _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The proximal, middle & distal ligg. of the ACB join the bone to the _____. (What are their other names?) |
|
Definition
| Ulnar Carpal (accessorioulnar "AU" lig.); 4th carpal (Accessorioquartal "AQ" lig.); Lateral Splint (IV) Bone (Accessoriometacarpal "AM" lig.) |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the short ligg. uniting adjacent carpal bones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The carpus is a composite jt w/ several bones, therefore ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What component jt's of the carpus exhibit the main mvmts? |
|
Definition
| Antebrachiocarpal & Middle Carpal |
|
|
Term
| What is the carpometacarpal jt bound down by? What does this mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At _____, the 2 proximal jt cavities of the carpus open relatively widely. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The carpus is liable to damage when animal falls on ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Injections at ____ & ____ synovial sacs is easily performed when carpus is held in flexion. |
|
Definition
| Radiocarpal/Antebrachiocarpal & Middle Carpal |
|
|
Term
| When the carpus is flexed, the jt cavities open & _____ can be palpated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a landmark in the carpus, on the sides of which injections can be made? |
|
Definition
| Tendon of insertion of Extensor Carpi Radialis |
|
|
Term
| How important are the joints of the distal TL in the horse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most frequently damaged jt in the TL? 2nd? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the Fetlock jt in the TL? PL? |
|
Definition
| Metacarpophalangeal jt; Metatarsophalangeal jt |
|
|
Term
| What is the most stressed joint of equine limbs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Classify the fetlock joint. |
|
Definition
| Synovial, Compound, Hinge/Ginglymus |
|
|
Term
| The tendency of the jt's of the distal TL to ______ is prevented by ligg. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The jt's of the distal PL are similar to those of the TL except the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the bones of the fetlock? |
|
Definition
| Distal end of metacarpal (cannon) bone; Proximal end of 1st phalanx; Proximal sesamoid bones |
|
|
Term
| How many bones comprise the fetlock? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bones are considered very important components of the joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ligg. attaching to it act as _____ to help support the fetlock. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for metacarpal bone III? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the distal end of metacarpal bone III articulate with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should be done in case of fracture of the proximal sesamoid bone(s)? Why? |
|
Definition
| "Cry first" before attending to horse; Difficult to manage, Intensive care req'd |
|
|
Term
| How often do the proximal sesamoid bones fracture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In addition to PSB, the _____ & ____ bones also suffer frequent fracture. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Distal end of the cannon bone |
|
|
Term
| Describe the relation of the PSB to the proximal (1st) phalanx. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the joint capsule of the fetlock. |
|
Definition
| Large; Thick on palmar side; Projects proximally btw cannon bone & interosseous m. on the palmar surface |
|
|
Term
| Can the joint capsule of the fetlock be injected? Where? |
|
Definition
| Yes; Medially or Laterally |
|
|
Term
| What is the name for pathological distension of the fetlock joint capsule? |
|
Definition
| "Articular Windgalls," "Wind puffs," or "Galls" |
|
|
Term
| Where is swelling of the fetlock joint capsule more obvious? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ligg. are associated w/ the fetlock? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the ligaments of the fetlock? |
|
Definition
| Sesamoidean ligg; Intersesamoidean lig.; Collateral Sesamoidean lig.; Distal Sesamoidean ligg; Collateral ligg (M & L) |
|
|
Term
| Name the distal sesamoidean ligg. of the fetlock. |
|
Definition
| Superficial (Straight) Sesamoidean lig., Middle (Oblique) Sesamoidean ligg., Deep (Cruciate) Sesamoidean ligg., Short Sesamoidean ligg. |
|
|
Term
| What was the interosseous m. formerly known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the interosseous m. also known as? |
|
Definition
| Superior sesamoidean lig. |
|
|
Term
| Name the sesamoidean ligg. of the fetlock. |
|
Definition
| Interosseous m./Superior Sesamoidean lig.; Intersesamoidean lig.; Collateral Sesamoidean ligg; Distal Sesamoidean ligg. |
|
|
Term
| What ligament is a homologue of the interosseous m. of the dog? |
|
Definition
| Superior Sesamoidean lig. |
|
|
Term
| The interosseous m. is ____ in the dog, ____ in the foal, & ____ in the adult horse. |
|
Definition
| Fleshy; Little muscle; Entirely tendinous |
|
|
Term
| What is the origin of the interosseous m? |
|
Definition
| Proximal part of palmar surface of cannon bone |
|
|
Term
| Where does the interosseous muscle divide into 2? |
|
Definition
| Distal 1/4 of cannon bone |
|
|
Term
| Each division of the interosseous m. inserts on ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What detaches from the insertion of the interosseous m. on the PSB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Extensor Slip of the interosseous muscle? |
|
Definition
| Oblique, D br to the common digital extensor tendon over D surface of proximal phalanx |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of extensor slips of the interosseous m? |
|
Definition
| Support fetlock; Prevent overextension & flexion |
|
|
Term
| In the PL, where does the interosseous m. send extensor slips? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the sesamoidean ligg? |
|
Definition
| Support fetlock; Prevent over-extension (D flexion) of jt when foot on ground; D br limits flexion of jt & prevents deep flexor tendon from flexing jt as a result of tension on it when limb on ground & jt extended |
|
|
Term
| Can flexor tendons of the distal limb contract? What does this prevent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the intersesamoidean lig. |
|
Definition
| Fibrocartilage; Extends btw 2 PSB |
|
|
Term
| What do the M & L collateral ligg. of the fetlock attach? |
|
Definition
| Sides of PSB to metacarpal condyles & proximal tubercles of 1st phalanx |
|
|
Term
| What are the distal sesamoidean ligg. thought to be? |
|
Definition
| Continuations of the interosseous m. |
|
|
Term
| Where does the superficial (straight) sesamoidean lig. extend? |
|
Definition
| From the sesamoid bones & intersesamoidean lig. to Fibrocartilage Lip on palmar aspect of prox. end of middle phalanx (P2) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the superficial (straight) sesamoidean lig. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The superficial (straight) sesamoidean lig. bypasses _____, & crosses the ______ on its _____ surface. It also stabilizes _____ joint. |
|
Definition
| Prox. phalanx; Pastern, Flexor; Pastern |
|
|
Term
| Where do the middle (oblique) sesamoidean ligg. extend? |
|
Definition
| Bases of sesamoid bones to palmar surface of prox. phalanx |
|
|
Term
| Which of the distal sesamoidean ligg. attach to the prox. phalanx? |
|
Definition
| Middle (Oblique), Deep (Cruciate), & Short |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Deep (Cruciate) sesamoidean ligg. Where do they extend? |
|
Definition
| 2 bands of fibers, crossing e/o, from bases of sesamoids to opp. eminence on prox. end of P1 |
|
|
Term
| Describe the short sesamoidean ligg. Where do they extend? |
|
Definition
| 2 ligg. running from axial sides of bases of sesamoid bone to abaxial side of eminence of P1 |
|
|
Term
| The short sesamoidean ligg. are at the level of ________. |
|
Definition
| Cruciate/Deep sesamoidean ligg. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the distal sesamoidean ligg? |
|
Definition
| Assist interosseous m. in support of fetlock jt |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the oblique (middle) sesamoidean lig? Along w/ what? |
|
Definition
| Prevents over-extension (buckling fwd) of pastern jt when foot hits ground; SDF tendon |
|
|
Term
| What are the collateral ligg. of the fetlock divided into? |
|
Definition
| 2 layers (superficial & deep) |
|
|
Term
| Regarding the collateral ligg. of the fetlock, the deep layer is ____ & ____, & covered by ___. |
|
Definition
| Shorter, Stronger; Superficial layer |
|
|
Term
| The collateral lig. of the fetlock is _____ to that of the PSB. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where can the joint capsule of the fetlock be injected? |
|
Definition
| Btw cannon bone & interosseous tendon |
|
|
Term
| Fracture of sesamoid bone, esp _______, cry. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs w/ section of interosseous m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs w/ section of interosseous m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs w/ section of SDF tendon? |
|
Definition
| Fetlock sinks slightly, not grounded |
|
|
Term
| What occurs w/ section of both digital flexors & interosseous mm? |
|
Definition
| Complete grounding (collapse) of fetlock |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the pastern jt? |
|
Definition
| Proximal Interphalangeal jt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bones are included in the pastern jt? |
|
Definition
| Proximal & Middle Phalanges |
|
|
Term
| What is the prox part of palmar/plantar surface of middle phalanx extended by? |
|
Definition
| Complementary Fibrocartilage |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the complementary fibrocartilage of the pastern jt? |
|
Definition
| Enlarges jt cavity & helps support jt; Provides attachment for tendons |
|
|
Term
| Describe the joint capsule of the pastern jt. |
|
Definition
| Extends considerably proximally on both D & palmar/plantar surfaces |
|
|
Term
| What are the ligg. of the pastern jt? |
|
Definition
| M & L Collateral, M & L Palmar/Plantar |
|
|
Term
| Describe the M & L Collateral ligg. of the pastern. |
|
Definition
| Straight; Vertically oriented |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the M Palmar/Plantar lig. of the pastern? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the L Palmar/Plantar lig. of the pastern? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the M & L Palmar/Plantar ligg. of the pastern? |
|
Definition
| From distal end of P1 to Complementary fibrocartilage of P2 |
|
|
Term
| What are the mvmt's of the pastern? |
|
Definition
| Mostly Flexion & Extension |
|
|
Term
| Describe the mobility of the pastern jt. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rank the mobility of the joints of the distal limb from most to least mvmt. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the coffin jt? |
|
Definition
| Distal Interphalangeal jt |
|
|
Term
| What are the bones/cartilages of the coffin jt? |
|
Definition
| Distal end of P2 & Proximal end of P3, Distal Sesamoid/Navicular Bone, M & L Cartilages of P3 |
|
|
Term
| Describe the cartilages of P3. |
|
Definition
| Hyaline in young; Fibrocartilaginous in adults |
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of the navicular bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the joint capsule of the coffin? |
|
Definition
| Extends proximally on D & Palmar/Plantar surfaces, forming pouches in mid P2 region & another below navicular bone |
|
|
Term
| Where is the coffin joint capsule vulnerable? |
|
Definition
| Pouches @ mid P2 region & below navicular bone |
|
|
Term
| What are the ligg. of the coffin jt? |
|
Definition
| Chondrocompedal, Chondrocoronal, Chondroungular, M & L Collateral, M & L Collaterals (Suspensory ligg) of Navicular bone, Distal Sesamoidean (Navicular) impar |
|
|
Term
| Describe the M & L Collateral ligg. of the coffin jt. |
|
Definition
| Straight; Vertically oriented |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the collateral ligg. of the navicular bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the distal sesamoidean (navicular) impar lig. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the distal sesamoidean (navicular) impar lig? |
|
Definition
| From distal border of navicular bone to palmar/plantar surface of P3 |
|
|
Term
| Where is the navicular bursa? |
|
Definition
| Btw Navicular bone & DDF Tendon |
|
|
Term
| What does the Stay Apparatus enable? |
|
Definition
| Horse to stand w/ minimum muscular effort |
|
|
Term
| What limbs are involved in the stay apparatus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which limbs bear more body wt? What is the ratio of TL:PL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the accessory lig. of the DDF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the accessory lig. of the SDF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Body wt is transmitted to the TL via ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the serratus ventralis attach? |
|
Definition
| Facies serratus of scapula |
|
|
Term
| A vertical line, in mid facies serratus, drops ___ to the shoulder jt, through ______, but _____ to the distal jts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TL reqs support to avoid collapse on ____________ & __________. |
|
Definition
| Flexion of shoulder jt & Elbow jt; Overextension of Distal jts. |
|
|
Term
| In the PL, what does the body wt rest on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A vertical line drops from H of F, _____ to stifle jt, ______ to distal jts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| w/o support, the PL collapses on ________ & _________. |
|
Definition
| Flexion of stifle & hock jts; Overextension of distal jts |
|
|
Term
| What does the stay apparatus ensure? |
|
Definition
| That the limb jts bear body wt in their normal & appropriate stance, for prolonged periods of time, w/ little muscular action or effort |
|
|
Term
| When does the stay apparatus operate/when is it necessary? |
|
Definition
| When the foot (PL or TL) is placed on the ground & bearing body wt |
|
|
Term
| When bearing wt, the pastern jt can not _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Compound, Synovial, Hinge |
|
|
Term
| What parts of the pastern jt are involved in the forelimb stay apparatus? What do they do? |
|
Definition
| Palmar ligg (Short & Tensed) & Superficial (Straight) Sesamoidean lig. prevent overextension |
|
|
Term
| What prevents overextension of the fetlock jt? |
|
Definition
| Formidable support provided by interosseous tendon, PSBs, & sesamoidean ligg; DF tendons & accessory lig play a role |
|
|
Term
| What prevents overextension of the carpal jt? |
|
Definition
| Flat nature of D parts of articular surfaces of radiocarpal & midcarpal jts & palmar carpal lig (holding composite bones together) |
|
|
Term
| What is the elbow jt ''fixed'' by? |
|
Definition
| Body wt @ jt, acting through radius distalward |
|
|
Term
| What are some important factors preventing collapse of the elbow jt? |
|
Definition
| Tonic activity of the triceps brachii m |
|
|
Term
| What causes collapse of the elbow jt/TL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Collateral ligg. of the elbow are _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is meant when we say the collateral ligg. of the elbow are eccentric? |
|
Definition
| Cd to axis of rotation of the jt; tensed in normal standing & must be stretched to permit flexion of jt |
|
|
Term
| Compared to the axis of rotation of the jt, where are the flexor mm of the elbow? What are they? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the flexor mm of the elbow in normal standing. This jt is also _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stabilize/prevent collapse of the shoulder jt? |
|
Definition
| Highly tendinous biceps brachii m, Tendinous lacertus fibrosus uniting both biceps brachii & ECR |
|
|
Term
| What prevents flexion of the shoulder? |
|
Definition
| Tensed biceps brachii m, as its distal attachment (radius) & that of ECR (metacarpal bone) are fixed by body wt |
|
|
Term
| Comment on the structures of the stay apparatus below the hock in the TL vs. PL. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What component of the stay apparatus may be weak or absent in the hindfoot? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What prevents flexion of the hip jt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes up for the weakness/absence of the accessory ligg. of the hindfoot? |
|
Definition
| Attachment of SDF tendon to pt of hock |
|
|
Term
| What is a critical component of the stay apparatus of the PL? |
|
Definition
| Stifle Lock/Patellar Lock |
|
|
Term
| What part of the stay apparatus is peculiar to the PL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Reciprocal Apparatus is a ___________ to & support for the stifle-lock. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the hock when the stifle is in ''lock?'' |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When stifle/hock are locked in extension, what helps support the pastern jt? |
|
Definition
| Tension in SDF tendon is high |
|
|
Term
| While limb bearing body wt is in _____, the other _____. |
|
Definition
| ''Lock,'' Rests on the tip (toe) of its hoof |
|
|
Term
| What is/are the main component(s) of the Stay Apparatus of the TL? PL? |
|
Definition
| Lacertus Fibrosus; Patellar Lock Sys & Reciprocal Apparatus |
|
|
Term
| The Stay Apparatus of the TL is more ____ in nature, whereas that of the PL is more ____ in nature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 2 main components of the TL CAM. |
|
Definition
| Dorsoscapular lig & Partially Flexed Shoulder |
|
|
Term
| Name 2 components of the CAM of the PL. |
|
Definition
| Partially flexed hip & stifle |
|
|
