Term
| What forms the roof of the cranium? |
|
Definition
| Occipital, Parietal, & Interparietal bones; Frontal bones rostrally |
|
|
Term
| What forms the cranium in the ox? |
|
Definition
| Frontal bone which displaces Parietal bones, laterally & Cd'ly |
|
|
Term
| Describe the external sagittal crest. |
|
Definition
| Runs Cr'ly, in the midline, diverges to form temporal line, on either side, before joining zygomatic process of frontal bone |
|
|
Term
| Describe the supraorbital foramen. |
|
Definition
| Pierces root of the zygomatic process of frontal bone |
|
|
Term
| What forms most of the Cd part of the skull? Where does it project & what does it form? |
|
Definition
| Occipital bone; D'ly; Nuchal Crest |
|
|
Term
| What is the prominent lateral ridge that is a major landmark on the skull? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lies btw the nasal & incisive bones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Cr cavity divided into internally? What separates the 2 parts? |
|
Definition
| Large Rostral part occupied by cerebrum & Smaller Cd part housing the cerebellum; Tentorium Cerebelli Osseum, D'ly |
|
|
Term
| What supports the external nose rostrally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What supports the external nose laterally? |
|
Definition
| Expansions of the Nasal Septum on either side; Slender Dorsal Nasal Cartilage |
|
|
Term
| What supports the external nose dorsally, medially & ventrally? |
|
Definition
| Alar Cartilage attached to most rostral part of nasal septum |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Alar Cartilage. |
|
Definition
| Comprises a D, flat & broad lamina, & a narrow, curved V cornu (horn) |
|
|
Term
| What is the cartilaginous support of the nostril laterally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the nasal diverticulum? |
|
Definition
| A blind, D cutaneous pouch, extending rostrocaudally, from D angle of nostril to nasoincisive notch |
|
|
Term
| What is the opening into the nasal diverticulum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the nasal diverticulum when the horse snorts? |
|
Definition
| Vibrates & Modulates sound produced |
|
|
Term
| Comment on the size of the nasal cavity compared to the size of the head. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the nasal cavity relatively narrow? |
|
Definition
| Roots & crowns of maxillary cheek teeth occupy a great deal of volume of the head, esp. in young animals; some bones of skull in the region are pneumatized; Presence of nasal & ethmoid conchae; Mucosa is thick & highly vascularized in some parts |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference btw nasal turbinates & conchae? |
|
Definition
| Turbinates = scrolls of bone; + mucosa = Conchae (Conchae are found in live animals/turbinates in dead) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which meatus is used for stomach intubation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe intubation of the ventral nasal meatus. |
|
Definition
| Lies V to nostril, therefore needs to be guided into nasal cavity & directed V'ly by placing the forefinger above the tube |
|
|
Term
| Where does vomitus/regurgitated material resulting from gastric rupture pass in the horse? |
|
Definition
| Through nose (V nasal meatus) |
|
|
Term
| Comment on the soft palate of the horse. |
|
Definition
| Longest, most well-devo of all species; Separates naso- & oropharynx; wraps tightly around base of epiglottis (esp during breathing) |
|
|
Term
| What type of breathers are horses? |
|
Definition
| Obligatory nasal breathers |
|
|
Term
| Comment on the paranasal sinuses of the horse & ox. |
|
Definition
| Very clinically important in both |
|
|
Term
| What are the paranasal sinuses? |
|
Definition
| Air spaces in bones lined by mucous membrane; essentially & developmentally invaginations of the nasal mucosa into the bones |
|
|
Term
| Compare the paranasal sinus mucosa to the nasal mucosa. |
|
Definition
| Identical; Same innervation (Ophthalmic & Maxillary n.) |
|
|
Term
| Which paranasal sinuses are of particular clinical importance? Why? |
|
Definition
| Frontal & Maxillary; Spread of inf. to them from other sources |
|
|
Term
| What provides an avenue of extraction through the sinus? |
|
Definition
| Projection of bony roots of last 3-4 cheek teeth into maxillary sinus |
|
|
Term
| What is the composite sinus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the frontal sinus extend? |
|
Definition
| into D turbinate bone, causing the Cd 1/2 of turbinate to have a common cavity w/ frontal sinus |
|
|
Term
| What does the turbinate part of the frontal sinus do? |
|
Definition
| Makes the equine frontal sinus extend more rostrally than is the case in other domestic animals |
|
|
Term
| Is there a conchomaxillary sinus in the horse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What regarding the nasal sinuses is unique to the horse? |
|
Definition
| Frontal & Maxillary sinuses run into conchae (rostrally); Frontal --> D; Maxillary --> V; Frontomaxillary opening in floor of frontal sinus, situated btw median plane & the orbit (links frontal sinus directly w/ Cd Maxillary sinus) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the conchofrontal sinus. |
|
Definition
| Has a single cavity which is incompletely separated into compartments by bony lamellae |
|
|
Term
| Is there a direct connection from the frontal to nasal sinus in the horse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of drainage does the frontal sinus have? |
|
Definition
| Indirect drainage through nasomaxillary opening into nasal cavity |
|
|
Term
| What are the surgical limits of the frontal sinus, rostrally? |
|
Definition
| Mid-way btw medial angle (canthus) of eye & rostral end of facial crest (easily seen a/o palpable) |
|
|
Term
| What can be seen even in an obese horse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the surgical limits of the frontal sinus, medially? |
|
Definition
| a line ~2cm parallel to median plane |
|
|
Term
| What are the surgical limits of the frontal sinus, laterally? |
|
Definition
| a line passing through the supraorbital foramen & parallel to the medial limit |
|
|
Term
| What are the surgical limits of the frontal sinus, caudally? |
|
Definition
| a vertical line through the middle of the zygomatic arch |
|
|
Term
| The maxillary sinus is ______ from the basic pattern. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 halves on each side of the maxillary sinus? |
|
Definition
| Rostral & Cd Maxillary Sinus |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 halves on each side of the maxillary sinus? |
|
Definition
| Rostral & Cd Maxillary Sinus |
|
|
Term
| Describe the rostral maxillary sinus. |
|
Definition
| separated completely from Cd by an oblique maxillary septum, usually ~5cm from rostral end of facial crest |
|
|
Term
| Describe the maxillary septum separating rostral from Cd maxillary sinus. |
|
Definition
| May dissolve proximally, otherwise, no direct communication btw the 2 sinuses |
|
|
Term
| The ____ half of the _____ is incorporated into the rostral maxillary sinus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 compartments of the rostral maxillary sinus? |
|
Definition
| Lateral original compartment & medial turbinate compartment; both communicate freely D'ly |
|
|
Term
| Which half of the ventral turbinate is the sinusal half? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What separates the Cr & Cd halves of the V turbinate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the maxillary sinus is larger? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do the Cr & Cd Maxillary sinuses open into the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
| Through the common, slit-like nasomaxillary opening |
|
|
Term
| Describe the nasomaxillary opening. |
|
Definition
| Curved slit btw DL wall of skull & curved DL edge of V turbinate |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the nasomaxillary opening when the mucosa is inflamed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the frontomaxillary opening connect? |
|
Definition
| Frontal & Cd Maxillary Sinuses |
|
|
Term
| What carries the nasolacrimal duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the V part of the frontal & maxillary sinuses divided into? |
|
Definition
| L & M portions by a longitudinal plate of bone which carries the infraorbital canal @ its prox. end |
|
|
Term
| What runs on the DL aspect of the nasal sinus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the level of projection of the last 3-4 cheek teeth into the maxillary sinus. |
|
Definition
| Varies w/ age; Sockets occupy a greater portion of sinus in younger animals; Teeth are gradually extruded as animal ages |
|
|
Term
| What are the surgical limits of the maxillary sinus, rostrally? |
|
Definition
| a vertical line through the infraorbital foramen |
|
|
Term
| What are the surgical limits of the maxillary sinus, caudally? |
|
Definition
| a vertical line through the middle of the eye |
|
|
Term
| What are the surgical limits of the maxillary sinus, dorsally? |
|
Definition
| a line from the infraorbital foramen to the M canthus of the eye |
|
|
Term
| What are the surgical limits of the maxillary sinus, ventrally? |
|
Definition
| facial crest, running rostrally to meet the rostral surgical limit of the sinus |
|
|
Term
| Describe the sphenopalatine sinus. |
|
Definition
| Little/no clinical importance; opens into Cd maxillary sinus |
|
|
Term
| How do the actual limits of the sinuses compare to the surgical limits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In humans, how much mucus is produced by the frontal sinus each day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to mucus production when the sinuses are inflamed? |
|
Definition
| Increases + perhaps pus due to inf |
|
|
Term
| What can be done to relieve mucusy, purulent sinuses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The drainage of the horse's sinuses is not ____ or _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sinuses communicate directly with the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
| Rostral & Cd Maxillary Sinuses |
|
|
Term
| Sinuses other than the rostral & Cd maxillary open into either one of these: |
|
Definition
| V conchal sinus; D conchal sinus |
|
|
Term
| What does the V conchal sinus drain into? |
|
Definition
| Rostral maxillary sinus, but impeded by infraorbital canal & bony plate supporting it |
|
|
Term
| What does the D conchal sinus drain into? |
|
Definition
| Frontal sinus, & itself into the Cd maxillary sinus |
|
|
Term
| Where do the sphenopalatine & middle conchal sinuses drain into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drainage of the Cd Maxillary Sinus is _____ by _____. |
|
Definition
| Impeded; Infraorbital Canal & its supporting bony septum |
|
|
Term
| Where do the sphenoid & palatine sinuses merge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In both maxillary sinuses, the floor is _______. Because of this, ______. |
|
Definition
| V to the nasomaxillary aperture; a problem in natural drainage; horses should be forced to eat at ground level to facilitate (inadequately) drainage of the sinuses |
|
|
Term
| What is the nasomaxillary aperture? What can occlude the opening? |
|
Definition
| Narrow slit; Inflammation of the nasal mucosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Relatively mobile, sensitive, & used as main prehensile organ |
|
|
Term
| What is the main prehensile organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is different about the oral lips in the horse compared to the dog? |
|
Definition
| Commissures are rather rostral compared w/ length of oral cavity, therefore oral cleft can't be opened widely; clinical exam & intubation are difficult |
|
|
Term
| What m. of mastication is only present in the horse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the O & I of the occipitomandibularis m? |
|
Definition
O: Paracondylar Process
I: Cd border/Angle of the mandible |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the occipitomandibularis m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the n. supply to the occipitomandibularis m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main m. of mastication in carnivores? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the Temporalis m. in horses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main, largest m. of mastication in horses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the temporalis m. attach? |
|
Definition
| Coronoid process of mandible |
|
|
Term
| Where does the temporalis m. sit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color is the tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does pigmentation of the tongue indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spatulate apex; Poorly defined, short median sulcus/groove |
|
|
Term
| The tongue is not used for _____ in horses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is beneath the lingual mucosa? |
|
Definition
| (D'ly) a palpable cartilaginous cord - D Lingual Cartilage in median plane |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the D Lingual Cartilage? |
|
Definition
| Provides attachment for lingual mm. |
|
|
Term
| What does the mouth consist of? |
|
Definition
| Oral Vestibule & Oral Cavity Proper |
|
|
Term
| In herbivores, tooth eruption is a concept limited to what? |
|
Definition
| the distal end of the new tooth breaking through the gum/gingiva |
|
|
Term
| What follows tooth eruption? |
|
Definition
| Tooth continues to advance toward its opposite tooth w/ which it makes contact; then advancement slows down |
|
|
Term
| What compensates for wear & tear of teeth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All equine teeth ________. The exception(s) is/are _____. |
|
Definition
| Erupt throughout life (Hypsodont); Canine & P1/wolf tooth |
|
|
Term
| Equine teeth are _______. Dog teeth are _____. |
|
Definition
| Anisognathus; Isognathous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Upper & Lower Arcades don't align (teeth) |
|
|
Term
| What is the dental formula for deciduous dentition? |
|
Definition
| Di(3/3), Dc(1/1), Dp(3/3) x 2 = 28 |
|
|
Term
| What is the dental formula for permanent dentition? |
|
Definition
| I(3/3) C(1/1) P(3/3) M(3/3) x 2 = 40 |
|
|
Term
| What are the differences in canines of the stallion & mare? |
|
Definition
| Stallion: all 4 canines present; Mare: canines absent of poorly developed |
|
|
Term
| What % of mares have canines in both jaws? Upper only? Lower only? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the first premolars. |
|
Definition
| Usually don't develop; when present, in upper arcade, usually poorly; Permanent teeth; Wolf Teeth |
|
|
Term
| P1: Hypsodont or Brachydont? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With P1 present, how many permanent teeth are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of incisors? |
|
Definition
| Cropping/cutting of grass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flat Masticatory/occlusal surface/table, changes shape w/ age (oval to rounded to triangular & back to oval) |
|
|
Term
| What is the dental star of the incisors? |
|
Definition
| rostral, closer to vestibular surface of tooth, site of pulp cavity where darker, secondary dentine has been laid down |
|
|
Term
| What is the site of the pulp cavity of the incisors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do the premolars compare to the molars? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the cheek teeth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the cheek teeth due to anisognathism? |
|
Definition
| Lingual 1/3 of cutting surface of upper arcade makes contact w/ vestibular 1/2 of lower arcade, in centric occlusion |
|
|
Term
| Which side of the lower cheek teeth wears faster? Upper? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the differential wearing of cheek teeth containing tissues of variable hardness lead to? |
|
Definition
| Sharp edges & points on the surfaces, req'ing "floating" to eliminate them |
|
|
Term
| What happens if floating is not done? |
|
Definition
| Injury/tearing of the tongue & cheek |
|
|
Term
| What opens through the sublingual caruncle? |
|
Definition
| Duct of Mandibular Salivary gland |
|
|
Term
| What part does the sublingual salivary gland have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When can the horse raise the soft palate? |
|
Definition
| For swallowing; for breathing, but not in a sustained manner |
|
|
Term
| Where is the sublingual caruncle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the laryngeal cartilages in the horse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is unique about the thyroid cartilage? |
|
Definition
| Incomplete ventrally; gap is filled by cricothyroid membrane |
|
|
Term
| How does one enter surgically into the laryngeal ventricle? |
|
Definition
| Through the cricothyroid membrane |
|
|
Term
| What is the laryngeal entrance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the laryngeal ventricle? |
|
Definition
| A deep, blind mucosal sac in the L wall of the larynx; has wide opening into it btw vestibular & vocal folds |
|
|
Term
| What are the folds of the glottis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a functional consideration of the larynx? Advantages? Disadvantages? |
|
Definition
| Airway is narrow (external nares, nasal meatuses, glottis = narrowest part of larynx); adv: filtering of air; disadv: R to air mvmt |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the auditory tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the auditory tube? |
|
Definition
| tube of mucous membrane running in, & stiffened by, a narrow U-shaped cartilaginous tube |
|
|
Term
| What is supported by the same cartilage as the auditory tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the auditory tube? |
|
Definition
| Extends from middle ear to nasopharynx |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the auditory tube? |
|
Definition
| Equalizes atmospheric pressure on both sides of the ear drum/tympanic membrane |
|
|
Term
| When does the pharyngeal orifice open? Close? |
|
Definition
| Opens during swallowing; Closes during inspiration |
|
|
Term
| When does air enter/leave the auditory tube? |
|
Definition
| Air enters & leaves during expiration & just before inspiration |
|
|
Term
| What is unique about the auditive tube of the horse? |
|
Definition
| VCd diverticulum/evagination; membranous sac (GUTTURAL POUCH) & U-shaped cartilaginous tube |
|
|
Term
| What is the size of the guttural pouch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the boundaries of the guttural pouch, dorsally? |
|
Definition
| base of skull, from area of occipital condyle to region of temporomandibular jt |
|
|
Term
| What are the boundaries of the guttural pouch, ventrally? |
|
Definition
| D aspect of pharynx, & beginning of esophagus |
|
|
Term
| What are the boundaries of the guttural pouch, ventrolaterally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause abscessation of the Medial retropharyngeal lnn? What does this do to the guttural pouch? |
|
Definition
| S. equi inf/Strangles --> Empyema of the pouch |
|
|
Term
| What are the boundaries of the guttural pouch, laterally? |
|
Definition
| M surface of parotid & maxillary salivary glands; M Pterygoid m. |
|
|
Term
| What separates the M walls of both sacs of the guttural pouch? |
|
Definition
| Rectus Capitis & Longus Capitis mm. (Dorsally) |
|
|
Term
| Where are the guttural pouch sacs closely apposed to e/o? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Cd part of the sac of the guttural pouch fold over? What does this create? |
|
Definition
| Stylohyoid; Small L compartment & Large M compartment, both of which communicate D'ly |
|
|
Term
| What are the relationships of the guttural pouch, dorsally/roof? |
|
Definition
| Foramen lacerum (part of meninges of brain make contact here w/ the pouch); Tympanic bulla; CrN 9-12; Chorda Tympani; Cr Cervical Ganglion; Internal Carotid a. |
|
|
Term
| What should be suspected in case of bleeding from the nose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the relationships of the guttural pouch, ventrally? |
|
Definition
| Ext. carotid a., L & M Retropharyngeal lnn., CrN 12 |
|
|
Term
| What is the predilection site for Strangles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the guttural pouch epithelium. |
|
Definition
| Ciliated, pseudostratified, secretory |
|
|
Term
| What happens when the guttural pouch epithelium is inflamed? |
|
Definition
| Large quantity of exudate (catarrhal) accumulates |
|
|
Term
| What wrt the guttural pouch may be palpated in Viborg's triangle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the borders of Viborg's triangle, rostrally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the borders of Viborg's triangle, CdD? |
|
Definition
| Tendon of sternocephalicus m. |
|
|
Term
| What are the borders of Viborg's triangle, ventrally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is partial drainage of the guttural pouch achieved? |
|
Definition
| When head is lowered, as in feeding @ ground level |
|
|
Term
| Where is surgical drainage of the guttural pouch? |
|
Definition
| Through Viborg's Triangle (reflect parotid salivary gland rostrally) --> continuous drainage |
|
|
Term
| What is a newer method of draining the guttural pouch? |
|
Definition
| Passing a curved tip urethral catheter through VNM into nasopharynx, & subsequently into the opening of the auditive tube for drainage |
|
|
Term
| What type of inf of the guttural pouch is common? Describe it. |
|
Definition
| Mycotic inf; wall may be eroded, causing damage to related structures: eg, rupture of internal carotid a. --> epistaxis, nervous deficits from damage to vagosympathetic trunk, etc. |
|
|
Term
| How do the basic features of the eye compare to that of dogs and rum's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At which commissure is the 3rd eyelid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do the extrinsic & intrinsic mm. of the eyeball compare to that of dogs and rum's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the tapetum lucidum compare to that of dogs & rum's? What animals lack this structure? |
|
Definition
| Same (Triangular, pigmented); Pigs & Humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe function of the granula iridica. |
|
Definition
| As in bovine, produce aqueous humor; protect eye form bright light - cast shadows on retina |
|
|
Term
| What are granula iridica? |
|
Definition
| Round, globular structures projecting from border of pupil; Extremely delicate, highly vascular & sensitive |
|
|
Term
| Certain vv. of the head are ____ & lie deep to ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lg'est m. of mastication in herbivores? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the vv. deep to the masseter m? |
|
Definition
| Draining respective parts of the head; Assisting venous return from head of animal that is grazing @ a lower level than the heart; may also be involved in equalizing BP differences, as the head is lowered or elevated |
|
|
Term
| What are the vv. deep to the masseter m? |
|
Definition
| Transverse Facial, Deep Facial, & Buccal |
|
|
Term
| What is the transverse facial v? |
|
Definition
| a tributary of the superficial temporal v.; embeds in masseter m. (V to the facial crest, rostrally, & zygomatic arch, Cd'ly); enlarged below facial crest to form transverse facial v. sinus |
|
|
Term
| The transverse facial v. joins ____, _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the deep facial v arise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the deep facial v. drain? |
|
Definition
| Nasal cavity, palate, periorbita & its structures |
|
|
Term
| Deep to _____, the deep facial v. enlarges & becomes ____. |
|
Definition
| Masseter m., Deep Facial v. Sinus |
|
|
Term
| Where does the buccal v. lie? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the buccal v. anastomose w/? |
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Definition
| Facial v, rostrally & a main tributary of the maxillary v. Cd'ly |
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Term
| What part of the buccal v. is enlarged? What does it form? |
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Definition
| Part M to masseter m.; Buccal v. sinus |
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Term
| What is the lymphatic system of the head? |
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Definition
| Parotid, Mandibular, L & M Retropharyngeal lnn. |
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Term
| Where does the parotid ln lie? |
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Definition
| Cd to angle of mandible; V to ear |
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Term
| What does the parotid ln drain? |
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Definition
| eye, ear, lips, rostral & D superficial mm. of head, skin of head |
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Term
| Where do efferents of the parotid ln go? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the mandibular lnn? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many rows are the mandibular lnn? How long? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do the rows of mandibular lnn meet? What do they form? |
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Definition
| Just Cr to the basihyoid bone; V-shaped gland |
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Term
| What do the mandibular lnn drain? |
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Definition
| All areas not drained by parotid ln; Nostrils, palate, tongue, jaws |
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Term
| Where do efferents of the mandibular lnn go? |
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Definition
| Retropharyngeal lnn & Cr Deep Cervical lnn |
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Term
| Where do the L Retropharyngeal lnn lie? |
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Definition
| DCd to mandibular salivary glands & V to wing of atlas |
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Term
| What are the L Retropharyngeal lnn? |
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Definition
| Chain of lnn along ext. carotid a. on L wall of guttural pouch & M to occipito-mandibularis m |
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Term
| What do the L retropharyngeal lnn drain? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do efferents of the L Retropharyngeal lnn go? |
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Definition
| M Retropharyngeal lnn, Cr deep cervical & Tracheal duct |
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Term
| Where are the M Retropharyngeal lnn? |
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Definition
| DL to pharynx; V to guttural pouch |
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Term
| What do M Retropharyngeal lnn drain? |
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Definition
| Virtually all lnn. of head |
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Term
| What is the master ln. of the head? Why? |
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Definition
| M Retropharyngeal; Receives efferents from all lnn. of the head |
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Term
| Efferents of the M Retropharyngeal lnn. _____ to form _____. |
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Definition
| Anastomose; Tracheal Duct |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of salivary glands? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the minor salivary glands. |
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Definition
| Scattered throughout mucosa of mouth; buccal ones form 2 lg aggregates (D & V); mucous secretion |
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Term
| Describe the major salivary glands. |
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Definition
| Produce most of saliva; serous/watery or seromucous secretions; usual ones & relative positions (parotid, mandibular & sublingual) |
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Term
| The sublingual salivary gland has only the ____, ____ portion. |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes roaring in the horse? |
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Definition
| Paralysis of laryngeal mm. |
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Term
| Which laryngeal m. is not innervated by the recurrent laryngeal n? |
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Definition
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Term
| In laryngeal paralysis, a whistling or roaring sound is heard during _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Laryngeal paralysis is usualy _____, on _____. _____ is very rare. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cause of laryngeal paralysis?? |
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Definition
| Still largely speculative |
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Term
| Affections of the _____ have been implicated in roaring, but evidence is not solid. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the opening of the middle part of the larynx, btw vestibular & Cd fold? |
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Definition
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