Term
| Describe the paralumbar fossa. |
|
Definition
| Present, but less marked than in the ox |
|
|
Term
| What is especially evident in horses suffering from heaves? |
|
Definition
| Musculoaponeurotic boundary of the ext. oblique m |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms a caudoventral ridge in the abd region? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What v. may be obvious in the abd region? |
|
Definition
| Superficial thoracic (spur) v. |
|
|
Term
| What is the term for contraction of the mm. of the abd wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the abdominal press aid when the larynx is closed? |
|
Definition
| Defecation, Micturition, Parturition |
|
|
Term
| What does the abdominal press aid when the larynx is open? |
|
Definition
| Breathing, Coughing, Sneezing |
|
|
Term
| Describe the ext. abd. oblique m. in the horse. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the int. abd. oblique m. lack in the horse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the skin of the horse compared to that of the ox. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the cutaneous m. most well-developed? |
|
Definition
| Cranioventrally (V to line from withers to stifle jt) |
|
|
Term
| What does the deep fascia of the abdomen become? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the V attachment for the abdominal mm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Strong & supportive, Relatively avascular |
|
|
Term
| What does the inguinal canal link in males? |
|
Definition
| Peritoneal cavity w/ vaginal cavity, in scrotum |
|
|
Term
| Is the deep inguinal ring large or small? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the inguinal canal located? |
|
Definition
| Cd abd wall (inguinal region) |
|
|
Term
| What bounds the deep inguinal ring caudally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bounds the deep inguinal ring cranially? |
|
Definition
| fleshy, Cd border of IAO m. |
|
|
Term
| What bounds the deep inguinal ring medially? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the superficial (external) inguinal ring? |
|
Definition
| a slit in the aponeurosis of the EAO m. |
|
|
Term
| How is the S.I.R divided? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the M commissures of the superficial & deep inguinal rings. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the L commissures of the superficial & deep inguinal rings. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the inguinal canal is longer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the L crus of the SIR connected to, & how? |
|
Definition
| M thigh fascia; strands of CT *Femoral lamina |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the horse when the hip jt. is maximally extended? |
|
Definition
| Pull on the L crus of the SIR, predisposing the horse to inguinal hernia - This can occur when the PL of a stallion slips during mating |
|
|
Term
| What can rupture when the horse violently abducts the PL to account for slipping? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of the inguinal canal? |
|
Definition
| Vaginal process, Spermatic cord, Ext. pudendal a. & v., Inguinal lymph vessels & nn. |
|
|
Term
| What is the term for the passage of any of the abd viscera through the vaginal ring into the cavity of the vaginal process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are inguinal hernias common in horses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can the vaginal ring be palpated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the horse stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the stomach located? |
|
Definition
| D, L 1/2 of Cr part of abd/peritoneal cavity |
|
|
Term
| What is created by the flexion of the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Cr surface of the stomach contact? |
|
Definition
| Diaphragm & L lobe of liver |
|
|
Term
| Does the stomach contact the abd floor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Cd surface of the stomach related to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which limb of the stomach is narrower & crosses the median plane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the blind sac of the stomach above/D to the esophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can the stomach be palpated? |
|
Definition
| Can't (except post-mortem) |
|
|
Term
| What stomach structure divides the glandular from the non-glandular stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the glandular part of the stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the non-glandular part of the stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What may be found in the non-glandular stomach? |
|
Definition
| Gastrophilus intestinalis larvae ("bots") |
|
|
Term
| What is formed by the oblique angle at which the esophagus enters the cardia of the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the cardiac sphincter of the horse. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many pyloric sphincters are in the horse? (____) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the pyloric sphincters of the horse. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pyloric sphincter is better developed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the greater & lesser omenta of the stomach, & what do they enclose? |
|
Definition
| Along visceral surface of stomach; Omental Bursa |
|
|
Term
| What are the ligaments of the greater omentum? |
|
Definition
| Gastrophrenic lig & Gastrosplenic lig |
|
|
Term
| What does the gastrophrenic lig. connect? |
|
Definition
| Greater Curvature to Crura of Diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| What does the gastrosplenic lig. connect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the lienorenal lig. connect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical importance of the lienorenal lig? |
|
Definition
| Can trap loops of intestine |
|
|
Term
| What is the only fixed part of the SI? |
|
Definition
| Duodenum (in all mammals) |
|
|
Term
| What fixes the duodenum to the D wall, liver, R D colon, & base of cecum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the mesoduodenum of the horse. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the duodenum? |
|
Definition
| Cr (sigmoid flexure), Desc, Cd flexure (Transverse duodenum), Asc |
|
|
Term
| Where do the bile & pancreatic ducts open into the duodenum? |
|
Definition
| 2nd curve of sigmoid part, opposite e/o |
|
|
Term
| What are the openings of the bile & pancreatic ducts into the duodenum? |
|
Definition
| Major & minor duodenal papillae |
|
|
Term
| Where does the duodenum become the jejunum? |
|
Definition
| Duodenojejunal flexure @ region of L kidney |
|
|
Term
| Describe the jejunoileum. |
|
Definition
| Loose coils, mostly on L D part of abd cavity, mixed w/ coils of sm colon |
|
|
Term
| Where are the loops of the SI palpable? |
|
Definition
| Dorsocaudal aspect of abd cavity |
|
|
Term
| What is btw the R lobe of the liver & the Desc duodenum, & btw the Cd VC & portal v.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what opening can loops of the intestine get strangulated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the T colon just Cr to? |
|
Definition
| Root of Mesentery, Cr Mesenteric a. |
|
|
Term
| In mammals, where do intestinal variations occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the LI of the horse have that is not present in the dog or ox? |
|
Definition
| Saculations (Haustra) & Longitudinal bands (Taeniae coli) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 regions of the cecum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the volume of the cecum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of the cecum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From where to where does the cecum extend? |
|
Definition
| Pelvic inlet to diaphragmatic area (xiphoid region) |
|
|
Term
| How many taeniae coli does the cecum have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the importance of haustra? |
|
Definition
| Increase SA for absorption of food |
|
|
Term
| Where is the base of the cecum? |
|
Definition
| D, R of midline, attached to R sub-lumbar region & to R kidney |
|
|
Term
| Where does the body of the cecum run? |
|
Definition
| V on R of flank, then on V wall, then curves Cr-M to reach xiphoid region |
|
|
Term
| What attaches the body of the cecum to the RV colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the apex & its location. |
|
Definition
| Narrow; lies on V wall btw R & L V colons |
|
|
Term
| How is the base of the cecum palpated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the Asc Colon + TC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 major segments of the Asc/Lg Colon (in order) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the RVC begin? |
|
Definition
| Ceco-colic junction @ base of last rib |
|
|
Term
| Where does the RVC flex upon itself? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many taeniae coli does the RVC have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the sites of impaction of the Lg colon, from most to least frequent? |
|
Definition
| Pelvic Flexure, T Colon, Ileocecal opening, Cecocolic opening, Ileum, Diaphragmatic Flexure, Sternal Flexure |
|
|
Term
| Where is the sternal flexure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the area of the LVC that narrows & flexes upon itself @ the pelvic inlet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most dangerous flexure for colic & food impaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 characteristics that make the pelvic flexure so dangerous? |
|
Definition
| Moves D, Flexes upon itself, Diameter Narrows |
|
|
Term
| Describe the motility of the pelvic flexure. |
|
Definition
| Rather mobile, but invariably in the pelvic inlet region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many taeniae coli does the LVC have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is at the junction of the LDC & RDC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many taeniae coli does the LDC have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mostly w/i the thoracic cage |
|
|
Term
| What is the shortest, widest segment of the Lg colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many taeniae coli does the RDC have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the shape of the T colon. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the T colon located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the T colon attached? |
|
Definition
| Roof of body cavity (D abd wall) |
|
|
Term
| How many taeniae coli does the T colon have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the Desc colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is different about the Desc colon in the horse than the dog? |
|
Definition
| Forms loose coils, Longer |
|
|
Term
| Where are the loose coils of the desc/sm colon? |
|
Definition
| L D abd cavity & pelvic inlet region |
|
|
Term
| How many taeniae coli does the desc/sm colon have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is easily recognized in the sm/desc colon per rectum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many taeniae coli are necessary to create haustra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What differentiates the small colon from the small intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the continuation of the SC at the pelvic inlet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is at the terminal end of the rectum? |
|
Definition
| Smooth, enlarged sac (Ampulla) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the ampulla of the rectum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the rectum end? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the rectum in the female? In the male? |
|
Definition
| F: D, in median plane, to uterus/vagina; M: D, in median plane, to urinary bladder, urethra, & accessory sex glands |
|
|
Term
| What is side to side anastomosis of desc. duod. to base of cecum in gastro-duodeno-jejunitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a duodenocecostomy bypass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What permits intestinal extension during Sx, but also causes volvulus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Twisting of loops of intestine |
|
|
Term
| What is one possible reason for ileal impaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What area has abnormally high peristalsis, causing the ileum to telescope into the cecum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for telescoping of the ileum into the cecum? What is the remedy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is carried by the Long Great Mesentery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is necessary when the cecocolic orifice is blocked? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the enlarged Cr part of the base of the cecum that can fall over CrV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What area of the GI tract may become sand bound? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What side is the spleen on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the spleen lie? |
|
Definition
| On the greater curvature of the stomach |
|
|
Term
| What lig. attaches the spleen to the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can the spleen be palpated per rectum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the distal tip of the spleen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the base of the spleen D or V? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the apex of the spleen D or V? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the spleen situated in the thoracic cage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the spleen projects a little beyond the rib cage caudally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the Cr or Cd border of the spleen concave? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the Cr or Cd border of the spleen convex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the spleen related to? |
|
Definition
| Desc colon & loops of SI caudally |
|
|
Term
| What lig. attaches the spleen to the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lig. attaches the L kidney to the spleen? |
|
Definition
| Lienorenal (renosplenic) lig. |
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical importance of the lienorenal lig? (Which part?) |
|
Definition
| D border may entrap loops of colon |
|
|
Term
| Where is the liver located? |
|
Definition
| Most Cr part of abd cavity |
|
|
Term
| What part of the liver contacts the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the liver situated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the shape of the liver. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which lobe of the liver atrophies with age? What is the cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when the R lobe of the liver atrophies? |
|
Definition
| Epiploic foramen enlarges, & loops can pass through it |
|
|
Term
| Where is the most Cr part of the liver? |
|
Definition
| Level of lower 6th or 7th rib |
|
|
Term
| Where is the most Cd & D part of the liver? |
|
Definition
| Level of 16th & 17th ribs, V to R kidney |
|
|
Term
| Can the liver be palpated from the V abd wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the horse have a gall bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the most V part of the liver reach the abd floor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the most V part of the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the bile/hepatic duct & major pancreatic duct open into? |
|
Definition
| Hepaticopancreatic ampulla |
|
|
Term
| What ducts open into the Hepaticopancreatic Ampulla? |
|
Definition
| Bile/Hepatic & Major Pancreatic |
|
|
Term
| Describe the lumen of the bile/hepatic duct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the Hepaticopancreatic Ampulla? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the Hepaticopancreatic Ampulla/Major Duodenal Papilla? |
|
Definition
| Distal & convex part of the duodenal sigmoid flexure |
|
|
Term
| Describe the passage of the Major Pancreatic Duct into the duodenum. |
|
Definition
| Oblique; Acts as a valve/sphincter |
|
|
Term
| Where is the minor duodenal papilla? |
|
Definition
| Concave part of duodenal sigmoid flexure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Microscopic units that form each lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the thinnest part of the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the fissures of the liver. |
|
Definition
| Poorly defined; Present btw L & quadrate, & quadrate & R lobes |
|
|
Term
| What are the lobes of the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the processes of the caudate lobe of the liver? |
|
Definition
| Caudate process (no papillary) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the round (teres) lig. of the liver. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical importance of the round (teres) lig.? |
|
Definition
| May be divided to reinforce/stabilize closure of mid-V incision |
|
|
Term
| Describe the round (teres) lig. in the dog & cow. |
|
Definition
| Dog: flimsy, Cow: nearly absent |
|
|
Term
| What is related to the visceral surface of the liver? |
|
Definition
| Stomach, Duodenal & Colic impressions |
|
|
Term
| What are the relations of the liver, dorsally? |
|
Definition
| Pancreas, Esophageal impression on D caudate process |
|
|
Term
| Which kidney contacts the renal impression of the caudate process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the pancreas located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How/where is the body of the pancreas held in place? |
|
Definition
| In sigmoid flexure of duodenum |
|
|
Term
| What is the pancreas related to? |
|
Definition
| Saccus cecus of stomach (L lobe), R kidney (R lobe), Aorta, Cd VC, Sublumbar muscles (D) |
|
|
Term
| Where does the major pancreatic duct open? Along with what other duct? |
|
Definition
| Major Duodenal Papilla; Bile Duct |
|
|
Term
| Where does the accessory pancreatic duct open? |
|
Definition
| Concave surface of Cd limb of duodenal sigmoid flexure through Minor Duodenal Papilla |
|
|
Term
| What is the duct of the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the ducts of the pancreas? |
|
Definition
| Major & Accessory Pancreatic Ducts |
|
|
Term
| What animal has the best lobation & lobulation of the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which artery supplies the stomach, liver, spleen, & duodenum (through the gastroduodenal a.)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which a. supplies the SI & LI (cecum, colon)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many jejunal aa. are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What aa. supply the loops/arches of aa. to the jejunum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the shorter branches of the jejunal aa.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What a. supplies mainly the desc colon & rectum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do jejunal aa. arise from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In particular, where is the anastomotic ntwk of aa. evident in the gut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another term for the anastomotic ntwk of aa. in the gut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anastomoses btw the _____ aa. are not always complete. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is more serious - a blockage of one of the lg aa. or a blockage of one of the sm aa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the sites of lesions caused by migrating larvae? |
|
Definition
| Lg aa. (celiac, Cr & Cd Mesenteric) |
|
|
Term
| What species are the migrating larvae in the horse gut, which cause nodes in the arterial walls? |
|
Definition
| Strongylus vulgaris & Strongylus edentatus |
|
|
Term
| What may develop from Strongylus vulgaris & S. edentatus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the vv. of the gut to the aa.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is formed by the nodes of the organs & areas supplied by the celiac a.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the celiac trunk empty into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is formed by the nodes of the SI, cecum & colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the nodes of the small colon, rectum, & anus send efferents? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sequence from the cisterna chyli to the lg v. @ the thoracic inlet? |
|
Definition
| Cisterna Chyli --> Aortic Hiatus --> Thoracic Duct (Runs L of aorta) --> Opens into lg v. @ Thoracic Inlet |
|
|
Term
| Where does intussusception occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
