Term
| 2 modes of disease transmission |
|
Definition
| 1.Direct: direct physical contact such as touching with contaminated hands, skin-to-skin contact, kissing or sexual intercourse 2. indirect: occurs when pathogens or agents are transferred or carried by some intermediate item |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 components of the epidemiology triangle for infectious diseases? |
|
Definition
| host, environment, agent ***time is in the middle of the triangle |
|
|
Term
| Define 1. agent 2. host 3. environment 4. time |
|
Definition
| 1. the cause of the disease 2. an organism usually human or an animal that harbors a disease 3. those surrounding and conditions external to the human or animal that cause or allow disease 4. accounts for incubation period |
|
|
Term
| Disease transmission usually occurs when? |
|
Definition
| direct, person-to-person contact, fomite-borne, vehicle-borne, or vector-borne transmission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| objects such as clothing, towels and utensils that may harbor a disease agent and are capable of transmitting it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an invertebrate animal capable of transmitting an infectious agent among vertebrates. can spread an infectious agent from an infected animal or human to other susceptible animal or humans through its bite, body fliuds, or direct food contamination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the habitat (living or nonliving) on which an infectious agent lives, grows, and multiplies and is dependent on for its survival |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the carrier contains, spreads, or harbors an infectious organism (ex Typhoid Mary) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when an animal transmits a disease to a human |
|
|
Term
| How can an epidemic be stopped? |
|
Definition
| by breaking at least one of the elements of the triangle (host, environment, or agent) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs prior to exposure immunization, sanitation, education, media campaigns, warning labels |
|
|
Term
| active primary prevention |
|
Definition
| requires behavior change on part of the subject (wearing protective devices) |
|
|
Term
| Passive primary prevention |
|
Definition
| does not require behavior change (vitamin fortified foods) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs to reduce the progress of disease. the disease already exists in the person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to reduce the limitation of disability from disease (the disease has already occured) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the simplest and most frequenly performed quantitative measure in epidemiology. refers to the number of cases of a disease or other health phenomenon being studied significant for rare disease or symptom presentations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of frequency measure. the value obtained by dividing one quantity by another. x and y are independent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of ratio. a measure that states a count relative to a the size of the group. x is included in y |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can demonstrate the magnitude of a proplem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a ratio that consists of a numerator and a denominator and in which time forms part of the denominator. the denominator must reflect the population from which the cases in the numerator arose. denominator consists of at risk population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| descriptive epidemiology uses several indices to identify the health status of populations. these indices are typically related to births and deaths because such data has been more readily available than morbidity rate |
|
|
Term
| aspects of human condition |
|
Definition
| morbidity (disease), mortality (death), natality (birth) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| incidence rate: risk of illness in a population over period of time. how rapidly new occurrences of a disease arise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the number of new cases of a disease that occur in a group during a certain time period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
proportion of persons with disease prevalence defined: the number of existing cases of a disease or health condition in a population at some given time |
|
|
Term
| the water flowing down the waterfall symbolyzes _____ and the water collection in the pool at the base symbolizes _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| point prevalence vs period prevalence |
|
Definition
| 1. at a certian point in time 2. during a time period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alternative form of incidence rate. used for diseases observed in a population for a short time period. not a true rate because time dimension often uncertain |
|
|
Term
| interrelationship between prevalence and incidence |
|
Definition
-if duration of disease is short and incidence is high, prevalence becomes similar to incidence. -if duration of disease is long and incidence is low, prevalence increases greatly relative to incidence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
# cases among contacts during the period total number of contacts *10n |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spread of distribution variability of sample -range, variance, standard deviation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use when distribution approximates normal distribution. sensitive to extreme values |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| middle value of distribution. not sensitive to extreme values |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| value occuring most often |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crude birth rate, fertility rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mortality rate, crude mortality rate, cause-specific mortality rate, age specific mortality rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use with caution when comparing disease frequencies between populations. observed differences in crude rates may be the result of systematic factors within the population rather than true variation in rates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refer to a particular subgroup of the population. defined in terms of race, age, sex, or single cause of death or illness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infant mortality, neonatal mortality rate, postneonatal mortality rate |
|
|
Term
| 2 ways to classify a disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder with sudden onset, relatively severe, and short duration of symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| less severe but of long and continuous duration, lasting over long time periods if not a lifetime |
|
|
Term
| 4 common stages relevant to most diseases |
|
Definition
| 1. stage of susceptibility 2. stage of pre-symptomatic disease 3. stage of clinical disease 4. stage of recovery, disability, or death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease occurs when outside AGENT capable of causing a disease meets a HOST that is vulnerable to the agent in an ENVIORNMENT that allows the agent and host to interact |
|
|
Term
| agent, host, and environment alone are ____ sufficient to cause a disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| important characteristics of an AGENT |
|
Definition
| 1. infectivity (capacity to cause infection in host) 2. pathogenicity (capacity to cause disease in host)3. Virulence (severity of disease that agent causes) |
|
|
Term
| 9 modes of entry into body of infectious disease agent are? |
|
Definition
| respiratory, oral, reproductive, intravenous, urinary, skin, gastrointestinal, conjuctival, transplacental |
|
|
Term
| status of a host is classified as? |
|
Definition
| susceptible to the agent, immune to the agent, or infected by the agent |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of defense mechanisms that are present in the host are? |
|
Definition
| nonspecific and disease specific |
|
|
Term
| nonspecific defense mechanisms |
|
Definition
| examples include skin, mucosal surfaces, tears, saliva, gastric juices |
|
|
Term
| Disease specific defense mechanisms |
|
Definition
| Immunity (resistance) against a particular agent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1.natural, active: results from an infection by the agent 2. artificial, active: results from an injection with a vaccine that stimulates antibody production in the host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. natural, passive: performed antibodies are passed to the fetus during pregnancy and provide short-term immunity in the new born 2. artificial, passive: performed antibodies are given to exposed individuals to prevent disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immunity of a population, group, or community against an infectious disease when a large proportion of individuals are immune either through vaccinations or prior infection |
|
|
Term
| iceberg concept of infection |
|
Definition
| active clinical disease accounts for only a small proportion of hosts infections and exposures to disease agents |
|
|
Term
| Epidemiologically significant categories of infectious diseases |
|
Definition
| water-and foodborne diseases, sexually transmitted diseases, vaccine preventable diseases, disease spread from person to person, zoonotic diseases, mycoses, arthropod born diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sudden increase in incidence or geographic scope, many infections appear when an existing pathogen gains access to new host populations, environmental changes may contribute to their emergence. |
|
|
Term
| public health surveillance |
|
Definition
| systematic data collection, data analysis, interpretation of data, dissemination of data, ongoing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| detect sudden changes in disease occurence and distribution, monitor secular trends and patterns of disease, identify changes in agents and host factors, and detect changes in health care practices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mortality reports, morbidity reports, outbreak investigations, animal health data, environmental data, demographic data |
|
|
Term
| Vaccine preventable diseases include? |
|
Definition
| Hep A, measles, mumps, pertussis, rubella, tetanus |
|
|
Term
| sexually transmitted diseases include |
|
Definition
| chlamydia, gonorrhea, hep B, HIV, syphillis |
|
|
Term
| Foodborne and waterborne diseases |
|
Definition
| botullism, shigellosis,listeriosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| malaria, lyme disease, rocky mountain spotted fever, ehrlichiosis |
|
|
Term
| microbial agents of infectious disease |
|
Definition
| bacteria, viruses and rickettsia, mycoses, protozoa, helminths, arthropods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secular, short term, and cyclic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represent long term changes in health related states or events. ***the graph increases as time progresses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually brief, unexpected increases in health related states or events. *** the graph will peak and then go down again |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represent periodic increases and decreases in the occurrence of health related states or events ***the graph repeats over and over |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| related states or events over time can give the epidemiologist insights into probable determinants of disease |
|
|
Term
| causal insights from descriptive epidemiology |
|
Definition
| 1. confounding factors are always a threat in descriptive studies 2. analytic epidemiologic studies are better form minimizing the threat of confounding 3. descriptive studies are a good first step in the search for causes of health related states or events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mortality data are nearly complete, since most deaths in US and other developed countries are unlikely to be unreported. death certificates include demographic information about the deceased and cause of death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| birth certificate includes info that may affect the neonate, such as congenital malformations, birth weigh, and length of gestation |
|
|
Term
| notifiable disease reporting in the US |
|
Definition
| notifiable diseases are those of considerable public health importance because of their seriousness (causes serious morbidity, has potential to spread, and can be contolled with appropriate intervention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provider initiated, routine reporting by health care providers based on a known set of rules and regulations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| health department initiated, periodic visits to health care providers to obtain required info |
|
|
Term
| regulations for diseases reportable by law |
|
Definition
| 1. specifies disease or condition 2. specifies who is responsible for reporting 3. specifies what info is required 4. specifies to whom and how quickly to report 5. specifies control measures |
|
|
Term
| limitations of notifiable disease surveillance |
|
Definition
| underreporting, lack of representativeness, lack of timeliness, inconsistency of definitions |
|
|
Term
| incomplete reporting occurs because of? |
|
Definition
| 1. lack of knowledge of the reporting requirement 2. negative attitude towards reporting 3. time consuming 4. compromises patient-provider relationship 5. concern for confidentiality 6. availability and utilization of appropriate diagnostic labs 7. availability of effective disease control measures |
|
|
