Term
| What are proteins that function as biological catalysts? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are RNA molecules that function as biological catalyst? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the three characteristics of a catalyst |
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Definition
Increases the rate of a reaction
Is not itself changed at the end of the reaction
Does not change the nature of the reaction or its final result |
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Term
| What is the amount of energy required for a reaction to occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What effect do enzymes have on the activation energy of a reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are enzymes essential to life? |
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Definition
| They make reactions occur at a rate that is fast enough to sustain life |
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Term
| What part of an enzyme takes part in catalyzing a reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the reactant molecules on which an enzyme works? |
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Definition
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Term
| What model of action describes how an enzyme and its substrate interact? |
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Definition
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Term
| What model describes how an enzyme changes its configuration to fit together with its substrate? |
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Definition
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Term
| The temporary union of an enzyme and its substrate is referred to as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What molecules are the result of the enzyme-substrate complex? |
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Definition
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Term
| With the except of enzymes named before the establishment of international nomenclature, what suffix ends the names of all enzymes? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are classes of enzymes named? |
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Definition
| according to their activity or job category |
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Term
| What are enzymes that promote hydrolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are enzymes that catalyze the removal of phosphate groups? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are enzymes that catalyze dehydration synthesis? |
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Definition
| Synthases and Synthetases |
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Term
| What are enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from their substrates? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are enzymes that add a phosphate group to particular molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are enzymes which rearrange atoms within their substrate molecules to form structural isomers such as glucose and fructose? |
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Definition
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Term
| Different organs may have different models of the same enzyme that differ in one or a few amino acids. What are these different models called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Within the temperature range from 0 degrees Celsius to 37 degrees Celsius, what happens to the activity of an enzyme as the temperature rises? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the activity of an enzyme within the human body as the temperature rises above 37 degrees Celsius? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the narrow range of pH within which an enzyme exhibits its peak activity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the activity of an enzyme if the pH is not with the pH optimum for that enzyme? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does the activity of an enzyme decrease if the pH is not within its optimum range? |
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Definition
| the configuration of the enzyme changes |
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Term
| What are inorganic substances which are necessary for an enzyme to function properly? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are organic molecules that are necessary for enzymes to function properly? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are precursor forms of enzymes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the process in which a phosphate group is added to a molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| At any given level of enzyme concentration, the rate of product formation will increase as the substrate concentration increases. When the relationship between the substrate concentration and the reaction rate reaches a plateau, what has happened to the enzyme? |
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Definition
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Term
| Some enzyme reactions are reversible. What principle states that the reaction will be driven from the side of the reaction where the concentration is the highest? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a squence of enzymatic reactions that begins with an initial substrate, progresses through a number of intermediates, and ends with a final product? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the process in which a phosphate group is removed form a molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a form of negative feedbaack which prevents the over accumulation of the end product of a pathway? |
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Definition
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Term
| What mechainism occurs when the end product of a metabolic pathway combines with a part of an enzyme other than the active site to inhibit the pathway? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an inherited defect in one of the genes for an enzyme that is part of a metabolic pathway? |
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Definition
| an inborn error of metabolism |
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Term
| What is the flow of energy through living systems? |
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Definition
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Term
| What priciple states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form to another? |
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Definition
| The 1st law of thermodynamics |
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Term
| What is the degree of siorganization of a systems total energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What principle state that the amount of entropy increases with each energy transormation? |
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Definition
| The 2nd law of thermodynamics |
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Term
| What are chemical reactions that require an input of energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of reactions release energy as they proceed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram (one cubic centimeter or one milliliter) one degree Celsius? |
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Definition
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Term
| What unit of measure is usually used for foods? |
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Definition
| the kilocalorie (Calorie) |
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Term
| Coupled reactions involve what two types of reactions? |
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Definition
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Term
| The energy released by most exergonic reactions in the cell, either directly, or indirectly, drive the formation of what molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the full term for ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the universal energy carrier in living systems? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three things ATP is used for? |
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Definition
| Biomechanical movement, Transportation, To make reactions go |
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Term
| What is the reduction of a molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the oxidation of a molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a molecule that donates electrons to another? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a molecule that accepts electrons? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name two molecules that are important in transferring hydrogen from one molecule to another. They are coenzymes that act as hydrogen carriers. |
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Definition
| Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) |
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Term
| What are the reduced forms of NAD and FAD? |
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Definition
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Term
| As entropy increases, what happens to the amount of energy available to do work? |
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Definition
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