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| an endeavour to discover how nature works and to use that knowledge to make predictions about what is likely to happen in nature |
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| identify a problem, research, ask a question, collect data, propose hypothesis, make testable preditions, test predictions, accept or reject hypothesis |
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| well-tested and widely accepted scientific hypothesis or a group of related hypotheses |
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| when details, results, reasoning, methods, and models for experiments are imported to others in their field to examine. |
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| specific observations and measurements to arrive at a general conclusion or hypothesis |
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| involves using logic to arrive at a specific conclusion based on a generalization or premise |
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| well-tested and widely accepted description of what we find happening over and over again in the same way in nature |
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| a new discovery or idea that overthrows well accepted scientific theory or law |
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| controversial results not yet considered reliable |
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| consists of data that is widely accepted by scientists who are considered experts in the field under study |
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| anything that has mass and takes up space |
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| fundamental substances that each have a unique set of properties and cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means |
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| combinations of two or more different elements held together in fixed proportions |
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| the smallest unit of matter into which an element can be divided and still retain its chemical properties |
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| idea that all elements are made up of atoms |
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| positively charged subatomic particle |
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| neutrally charged subatomic particles |
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| negatively charged subatomic particles |
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| center of an atom which contains one or more protons and in most cases one or more neutrons, and one or more electrons moving rapidly somewhere around the nucleus |
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| number unique to each element; equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of its atom |
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| total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus |
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| forms of an element having the same atomic number but different mass numbers |
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| an atom or groups of atoms with one or more net positive or negative charges |
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| a combination of two or more atoms of the same or different elements held together by chemical bonds |
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| used to show the number of each type of atom or ion in a compound |
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| measurement of the concentration of hydronium ions (acids) or hydroxide ions (bases) |
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| contain at least two carbon atoms |
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| fundamental structural units of life |
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| sequences of nucleotides that contain genetic information for making specific proteins |
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| characteristic passed on from parents to offspring |
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| special DNA molecule together with a number of proteins |
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| measure of how useful a form of matter is to humans as a resource based on availability and concentration |
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| highly concentrated, typically found near the earth's surface, and great potential for resource use |
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| not highly concentrated, often located deep underground, little potential for use as a resource |
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| a change in which the chemical composition of matter does not change |
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| changes the arrangement of atoms or ions within molecules of the involved substances |
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| changes in the nuclei of matter's atoms |
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| law of the conservation of matter |
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| where a physical or chemical change occurs, no atoms are created or destroyed |
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| capacity to do work or transfer heat |
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| moving matter with mass and velocity |
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| total kinetic energy of all moving atoms, ions, or molecules within a given substance |
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| stored energy potentially available for use |
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| measure of an energy source's capacity to do useful work |
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| law of conservation of energy |
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| when energy is converted from one form to another in a physical or chemical change, no energy is created or destroyed |
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| second law of thermodynamics |
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| when energy changes from one form to another, we always end up with lower-quality or less usable energy than we started with |
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| measure of how much useful work is accomplished by a particular input of energy into a system |
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| set of components that function and interact in some regular way |
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| causes a sstem to change further in the same direction |
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| causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving |
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| causes a fundamental shift in the behavior of a system |
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| occurs when two or more processes interact so that the combined effect is greater than the sum of their separate effects |
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