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| a piece of the natural environment that has been modified/made intentionally and is portable. |
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"big artifacts"; represent the environmental changes and modifications but are not portable.
parts of structure - hearths |
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involves specific areas that show activity occurred there
made inadvertently |
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| nonartificial material remaines that have a cultural relevance; not directly created or modified |
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| not necessarily lived there year-round; highly mobile-seasonal occupation; sedentary settlement- yr. round settlement |
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| stone/raw materials removed from bedrock; found as piles of broken up stone |
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| dont know what were used for; massive buildings with no apparent use |
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| cluster of settlement sites that had some relation to each other |
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| the physical medium that surrounds, holds, and supports the archeological material |
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| two or more archaeological items occuring together usually within the same matrix |
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| a 3 dimensional location at which the archaeologist finds data |
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interpretation of the significantce of an artifact's deposition in terms of its matrix, provenience, and association
the location of something in the ground and the web of relationships between the object and everything around it |
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| original place in human behavior |
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-simple random
-stratified random
-systematic
-stratified systematic |
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| how to integrate dates into how cultures calendars change |
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| how precise we can get to dating |
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| do we get the same date for something as we determine dates from different substances? |
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| what time periods can we use a method for |
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| need physical and different types of material for dating methods |
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| use some common indicator to link objects of known age to similiar objects of unknown age |
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| change in styles of artifacts; styles change over time |
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| noting the abundance of an artifact through time |
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| take cores from living tree then from samples at a site to makes ring patterns and widths |
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| radiocarbon is activated by cosmic rays hitting the atmosphere; plants take up the carbon and through the food chain, the carbon is distributed in living things. radiocarbon changes to a stable carbon at a half life; measure the amoun of radiocarbon left |
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| obsidian hydration analysis |
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| only used for volcanic glass; when glass if fractured, water permeated the structure and occurs at a regular rate; date by measuring the height of the hydration zone of the fractured stone |
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| can only be used for very old dating; 400,000 years ago; used for dating something brief, dating volcanic rock |
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| material undergoes a physical state change and starts a "clock"; this clock will only stop with another physical state change. |
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| optically spin luminescence |
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| when silica is excluded from light, natural radioactivity starts to build up; when no light can hit the sand, it starts the breakdown of radioactivity and produces now 2 ranges |
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| when a object that contains iron particles is heated, the position of the iron particles line up with the direction of the north pole. if we reheat the object, it will measuring the poisition of the north pole at the last major heating of the object |
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| the averages of variability over time; the global trends over time |
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| basica breakdown products of bedrock on wat to becoming soil; clay, sand, stone |
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| stone that started out as an organism that borke up and moved |
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| what the sediment is made out of |
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| how rough it feels; grain size |
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| proportions of grains of different sizes |
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product of the parent material; form: general outline
roundness- jaggedness of edges: experience the particles have had in the transport phase
surface texture:microscopic features of the grain |
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| laterally equivalent stratigraphic units that accummulate at the same time but are different compositions |
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| looks at contents of layers and correlates to the time period they were cut - contacts between the stratigraphic units that reflect human actions |
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